ReviewFrontiers in immunology
Molecular and Biological Mechanisms Underlying Gender Differences in COVID-19 Severity and Mortality.
Review in Frontiers in immunology. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The impact of HBV infection on clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Epidemiology and infection · 2023Pooled it
- Mechanisms and impact of long COVID: pathophysiology, neuropsychiatric effects and vaccination.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Sex-based differences in mortality among a large cohort of hospitalized patients with RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection at five different pandemic waves in Northern Iran.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Sex differences in inflammation and markers of gut integrity in long COVID.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Gender-based differences in telomere attrition and long-term respiratory dysfunction in COVID-19 ICU survivors one year post-infection: implications for aging-associated pulmonary decline.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- How does the Immunological System Change during the SARS-COV-2 Attack? A Clue for the New Immunotherapy Discovery.Current medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Phenotypic switch of vascular smooth muscle cells in COVID-19: Role of cholesterol, calcium, and phosphate.Journal of cellular physiology · 2024Review
- Sex Differences in Long-Term Cardiovascular Outcomes and Mortality After COVID-19 Hospitalization During Alpha, Delta and Omicron Waves.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Sex differences in airway disease: estrogen and airway surface liquid dynamics.Biology of sex differences · 2024Review
- Pathogenic mechanisms of cardiovascular damage in COVID-19.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2024Review
- Shift in SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern from Delta to Omicron was associated with reduced hospitalizations, increased risk of breakthrough infections but lesser disease severity.Journal of infection and public health · 2024Article
- [Correlations of obesity and elevated interleukin-6 levels with length of stay in COVID-19 patients in Korea: a retrospective study].Journal of Korean biological nursing science · 2024Article
- Deaths related to post-COVID in Italy: a national study based on death certificates.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- Autoantibodies to Interferons in Infectious Diseases.Viruses · 2023Review
- Gender Differences Associated with Hyper-Inflammatory Conditions in COVID-19 Patients.Aging and disease · 2023Article
- COVID-19 in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon: Incidence, Clinical Management, and Mortality by Social Determinants of Health, Symptomatology, and Comorbidities in the Xingu Health Region.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Serological response to vaccination in post-acute sequelae of COVID.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
- The Immune, Inflammatory and Hematological Response in COVID-19 Patients, According to the Severity of the Disease.Microorganisms · 2023Article
- Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Globally, over two million people have perished due to the recent pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. The available epidemiological global data for SARS-CoV-2 portrays a higher rate of severity and mortality in males. Analyzing gender differences in the host mechanisms involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection and progression may offer insight into the more detrimental disease prognosis and clinical outcome in males. Therefore, we outline sexual dimorphisms which exist in particular host factors and elaborate on how they may contribute to the pronounced severity in male COVID-19 patients. This includes disparities detected in comorbidities, the ACE2 receptor, renin-angiotensin system (RAS), signaling molecules involved in SARS-CoV-2 replication, proteases which prime viral S protein, the immune response, and behavioral considerations. Moreover, we discuss sexual disparities associated with other viruses and a possible gender-dependent response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. By specifically highlighting these immune-endocrine processes as well as behavioral factors that differentially exist between the genders, we aim to offer a better understanding in the variations of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.