ArticleAlzheimer's & dementia (New York, N. Y.)2021
Association between menopausal hormone therapy and risk of neurodegenerative diseases: Implications for precision hormone therapy.
Article in Alzheimer's & dementia (New York, N. Y.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Differential effects of hormone therapy formulations on Parkinson's disease risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Pooled it
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of menopause hormone therapy on cognition.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Pooled it
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of menopause hormone therapy on risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2023Pooled it
- Report of the FDA's expert panel on hormone therapy.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Review
- Hormone replacement therapy and dementia risk among postmenopausal women: Identifying responsive subgroups in the UK Biobank.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Sarcopenia in cognitive disorders: Toward a shared pathophysiological framework.Osteoporosis and sarcopenia · 2026Review
- Reproductive Fitness and the Links to Chronic Disease and Systemic Aging.Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Review
- Immunotherapies for risk reduction in age-associated neurodegenerative diseases: impact of sex and treatment duration.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory therapies are associated with reduced risk of age-associated neurodegenerative diseases: impact of sex and treatment duration.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Article
- Menopausal hormone therapy and risk of neuropsychiatric disease: a drug target Mendelian randomisation study.npj women's health · 2026Article
- CSF estrogens' relationships to neuroinflammatory markers and brain networks in middle-aged and older black and white women.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Association Between Menopause Age and Estradiol-Based Hormone Therapy With Cognitive Performance in Cognitively Normal Women in the CLSA.Neurology · 2025Observational
- Daidzein and Genistein: Natural Phytoestrogens with Potential Applications in Hormone Replacement Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- One size does not fit all: how type of menopause and hormone therapy matters for brain health.The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science · 2025Review
- Article
- Racial ethnic variations in the cardiometabolic determinants and blood pressure of white matter hyperintensities among females-The HABS-HD Study.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Managing an ageing cystic fibrosis population: challenges and priorities.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2025Review
- Association between CNS-active drugs and risk of Alzheimer's and age-related neurodegenerative diseases.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Towards a Unitary Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionThe impact of menopausal hormone therapy (HT) on age-associated Alzheimer's and neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) remains unresolved. To determine the effect of HT, formulation, type, and duration on risk of NDDs, a retrospective analysis was performed using a 10-year Humana claims dataset.
methodsStudy population included women aged 45 years or older with or without claim records of HT medications. Patients diagnosed with NDDs including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia, multiple sclerosis (MS), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) were identified. Relative risk (RR) ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for combined NDDs, or AD, PD, dementia, MS, and ALS were determined. Cumulative hazard ratios were determined to investigate the association between HT and NDDs at different age groups.
resultsIn 379,352 women with or without claim records of HT, use of HT was associated with significantly reduced risk for combined NDDs (RR 0.42, 95% CI 0.40-0.43, DISCUSSION: HT was associated with reduced risk of all NDDs including AD and dementia, with greater duration of therapy and natural steroid formulations associated with greater efficacy. These findings advance precision HT to prevent NDDs including AD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.