ReviewCell death and differentiation2021
Patients with COVID-19: in the dark-NETs of neutrophils.
Open access · hybridAbstract readReview
In one paragraph
Review in Cell death and differentiation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 207 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
207citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
21.0field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
207 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 313 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between COVID-19 and New-Onset Autoimmune Diseases: Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 97 Million Individuals.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Prognostic value of von Willebrand factor and ADAMTS13 in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Thrombosis research · 2022Pooled it
- SARS-CoV-2 Immune Complex-Mediated Neutrophil Activation.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- Dipeptidyl peptidase-1 inhibition in patients hospitalised with COVID-19: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial.The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2022Trial
- DNA methylation predicts the outcome of COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.Journal of translational medicine · 2022Trial
- LF-EMF Compound Block Type Signal Activates Human Neutrophilic Granulocytes In Vivo.Bioelectromagnetics · 2022Trial
- Safety and long-term improvement of mesenchymal stromal cell infusion in critically COVID-19 patients: a randomized clinical trial.Stem cell research & therapy · 2022Trial
- A functionally distinct neutrophil landscape in severe COVID-19 reveals opportunities for adjunctive therapies.JCI insight · 2022Trial
- NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2)-independent inducers of neutrophil extracellular traps promote resolution of chronic inflammation.Redox biology · 2026Article
- Targeting Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Neuroinflammation: A Therapeutic Perspective on Neurodegenerative Diseases.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- NETosis associates with human TB lung tissue destruction and disease pathogenesis.EMBO molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Systemic multi-omics analysis reveals interferon response heterogeneity and links lipid metabolism to immune alterations in severe COVID-19.Genome medicine · 2026Article
- Mast cells release DNA Extracellular Traps (DETs) in response to SARS-CoV-2 and its spike protein.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Integration of bioinformatics analysis and experimental verification reveals the role of neutrophil extracellular traps in silica nanoparticles-induced lung injury.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Cytokine Profiling for the Prediction of Lethality and High-Dose Exposure in a Murine Partial Body Irradiation Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Review
- SARS-CoV-2 spike protein expression drives post-acute coagulopathy.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Can Phagocytosis, Neutrophil Extracellular Traps, and IFN-α Production in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Be Simultaneously Modulated? A Pharmacological Perspective.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- NET-like Events on Peripheral Blood Smears at Admission: Association with Disease Severity and Systemic Inflammation in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- The role of interferon-mediated suppression of monocyte immunothrombosis in infection susceptibility in systemic lupus erythematosus.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2026Article
147 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
47 authors at 20 institutions in 13 countries.
Maximilian AckermannInstitute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Helios University Clinic Wuppertal, University of Witten/Herdecke, Wuppertal, Germany.
Hans-Joachim AndersMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.
Rostyslav BilyyDanylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2344-1349
Gary L BowlinDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA.
Christoph DanielDepartment of Nephropathology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
Rebecca De LorenzoUniversità Vita-Salute San Raffaele & IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.
Mikala EgebladCold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cancer Center, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.
Timo HenneckInstitute for Biochemistry and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
Andrés HidalgoArea of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain.
Markus HoffmannDepartment of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9698-9922
Bettina HohbergerDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
Yogendra KanthiDivision of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Mariana J KaplanSystemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2968-0815
Jason S KnightDivision of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Jasmin KnopfDepartment of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
Elzbieta KolaczkowskaDepartment of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
Paul KubesSnyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Moritz LeppkesDeutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
Aparna MahajanDepartment of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
Angelo A ManfrediUniversità Vita-Salute San Raffaele & IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.
Christian MaueröderCell Clearance in Health and Disease Lab, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Ghent, Belgium.
Norma MaugeriUniversità Vita-Salute San Raffaele & IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3931-0412
Ioannis MitroulisFirst Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, and Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
Luis E MuñozDepartment of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5395-804X
Teluguakula NarasarajuSchool of Health Care Administration, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA.
Elisabeth NaschbergerDivision of Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Translational Research Center, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
Indira NeeliDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
Lai Guan NgSingapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore.
Marko Z RadicDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8004-282X
Konstantinos RitisFirst Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, and Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
Patrizia Rovere-QueriniUniversità Vita-Salute San Raffaele & IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.
Mirco SchapherDepartment of Otolaryngology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Head and Neck Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
Christine SchauerDepartment of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
Hans-Uwe SimonInstitute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, Bern, Switzerland.
Jeeshan SinghDepartment of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
Panagiotis SkendrosFirst Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, and Laboratory of Molecular Hematology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
Konstantin StarkMedizinische Klinik I, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
Michael StürzlDivision of Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Translational Research Center, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9276-2824
Johan van der VlagDepartment of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7843-5918
Peter VandenabeeleCell Death and Inflammation Unit, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Ghent, Belgium.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6669-8822
Ljubomir VitkovDepartment of Biosciences, Vascular and Exercise Biology Unit, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1249-0161
Maren von Köckritz-BlickwedeInstitute for Biochemistry and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7712-9767
Cansu YanginlarDepartment of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Shida YousefiInstitute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, Bern, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9855-4305
Alexander ZarbockDepartment of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
Georg SchettDepartment of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8740-9615
Martin HerrmannDepartment of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany. martin.herrmann@uk-erlangen.de.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0258-2484
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg · DEVita-Salute San Raffaele University · ITDemocritus University of Thrace · GRGhent University · BERadboud University Nijmegen · NLUniversity of Bern · CHUniversity of Michigan · USUniversity of Tennessee Health Science Center · USUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation · DECold Spring Harbor Laboratory · USDanylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University · UAJagiellonian University · PLJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz · DELMU Klinikum · DELudwig-Maximilians-Universität München · DENational Institutes of Health · USOklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences · USSingapore Immunology Network · SGSpanish National Centre for Cardiovascular Research · ESUniversity Hospital Münster · DE
Funding
Systemic AutoimmunityZIAAR041199 · NIAMS · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ARTHRITIS AND MUSCULOSKELETAL AND SKIN DISEASES · PI KAPLAN, MARIANA · 2014 to 2025
$32.5MHuman Translational Studies of Vascular Thrombosis and InflammationZIAHL006262 · NHLBI · NATIONAL HEART, LUNG, AND BLOOD INSTITUTE · PI KANTHI, YOGENDRA · 2021 to 2025
$4.7MVascular Immunobiology Mechanistic and Translational StudiesZIAHL006267 · NHLBI · NATIONAL HEART, LUNG, AND BLOOD INSTITUTE · PI KANTHI, YOGENDRA · 2021 to 2025
$4.6MUnraveling Cytotoxic and Thrombotic Signals in Host-defense ResponsesZIAHL006263 · NHLBI · NATIONAL HEART, LUNG, AND BLOOD INSTITUTE · PI KANTHI, YOGENDRA · 2021 to 2025
$3.5MPurinergic regulation of Innate Immunity to promote Venous HomeostasisR01HL150392 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI PINSKY, DAVID J. · 2020 to 2024
$2.2MCD39 in Vein Graft ArterializationK08HL131993 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI KANTHI, YOGENDRA · 2016 to 2020
$837kDeutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation) CRC1181: C03Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation) TRR241: B04EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (H2020 Excellent Science - European Research Council) 4D NanoscopeNHLBI NIH HHS K08 HL131993NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL150392
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection poses a major threat to the lungs and multiple other organs, occasionally causing death. Until effective vaccines are developed to curb the pandemic, it is paramount to define the mechanisms and develop protective therapies to prevent organ dysfunction in patients with COVID-19. Individuals that develop severe manifestations have signs of dysregulated innate and adaptive immune responses. Emerging evidence implicates neutrophils and the disbalance between neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and degradation plays a central role in the pathophysiology of inflammation, coagulopathy, organ damage, and immunothrombosis that characterize severe cases of COVID-19. Here, we discuss the evidence supporting a role for NETs in COVID-19 manifestations and present putative mechanisms, by which NETs promote tissue injury and immunothrombosis. We present therapeutic strategies, which have been successful in the treatment of immunο-inflammatory disorders and which target dysregulated NET formation or degradation, as potential approaches that may benefit patients with severe COVID-19.
Indexed as
CitrullinationComplement ActivationCOVID-19Extracellular TrapsHumansNeutrophilsPlatelet ActivationSARS-CoV-2Severity of Illness IndexThrombosis
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.