ArticleInternational ophthalmology2021
The effects of vitamin B12 deficiency on retina and optic disk vascular density.
Article in International ophthalmology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ocular Manifestations of Celiac Disease: Current Evidence and Clinical Implications.Nutrients · 2025Review
- A transgenic mice model of retinopathy of cblG-type inherited disorder of one-carbon metabolism highlights epigenome-wide alterations related to cone photoreceptor cells development and retinal metabolism.Clinical epigenetics · 2023Article
- Ophthalmic manifestations of nutritional deficiencies: A mini review.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeIn this study, we aimed to determine the alterations in the retina and peripapillary vascular density in patients with vitamin B12 deficiency. MATERIAL AND
methodThe patients were divided into two groups regarding their vitamin B12 levels as the low vitamin B12 group (< 200 pg/ml) and the normal vitamin B12 group (≥ 200 pg/ml). The retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) and the central macular thickness (CMT) were measured through an SD-OCT analysis. The foveal avascular zone (FAZ), vessel density (VD) of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP), and deep capillary plexus (DCP) of the macula, and the VD of the radial peripapillary capillary plexus (RPCP) for the optic disk were determined by OCT-A.
resultsThirty-three patients were in the low vitamin B12 group and 54 were in the normal group. The mean RNFLT measurements were significantly lower in the low vitamin B12 group (p = 0.001). The RPCP values in all quadrants were significantly lower in the patients with vitamin B12 deficiency (p = 0.001); moreover, there was a significant increase in the FAZ value with a decrease in both superficial (p = 0.001) and deep (p = 0.001) VDs. There was a significant positive correlation between the serum vitamin B12 levels and the RPCP values and superficial and deep VDs, while the FAZ value was negatively correlated with the vitamin B12 levels.
conclusionVitamin B12 deficiency has diverse effects on ocular structures and retinal vasculature. Decreased VDs and increased FAZ may be associated with severe ocular alterations in the long term, which should be further investigated.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.