ReviewAmerican journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism2021
Insulin action in the brain regulates both central and peripheral functions.
Review in American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 74 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
74 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 123 citations in OpenAlex.
- Machine learning in the prediction of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Prolonged latency of the gustatory evoked potentials for sucrose solution in subjects living with obesity compared with normal-weight subjects.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2024Trial
- Glymphatic dysfunction is associated with hyperglycemia-related cortical thinning in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Article
- Review
- Effects of Olive Leaf Extract on Anxiety Symptoms and Metainflammation in Women with Excess Weight: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Green tea catechin EGCG attenuates hippocampal atrophy and cognitive impairment in obesity via autophagy signaling.NPJ science of food · 2026Article
- Hypothalamus-liver talks: whispers in the language of metabolism.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- Central βVeterinary research communications · 2026Article
- A Single Bout of Aerobic Exercise Increases Neuronal Extracellular Vesicle-Derived Insulin Signaling Biomarkers in Adults With Cardiometabolic Risk.Comprehensive Physiology · 2026Article
- Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intervention ameliorates cognitive dysfunction in db/db mice by mitigating cortical insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and energy metabolism impairment.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Long-term consequences of prenatal saccharin exposure: evidence of sex-specific molecular programing in the prefrontal cortex and behavior of adolescent rats.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2026Article
- Shared genetic architecture between psychiatric and insulin-related traits in the general population.Neuroscience applied · 2026Article
- Progress on exercise therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus with cognitive impairment.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Review
- Correlation analysis of coagulation factor level and chronic low-grade inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with ischemic stroke.Open medicine (Warsaw, Poland) · 2026Article
- Associations of mental health symptoms and triglyceride-glucose index with incident cardiovascular disease: a cohort study from the UK Biobank.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- What comparative endocrinology tells us about the original function of the insulin superfamily.Endocrine journal · 2025Review
- Effects of Dietary Vitamin D Levels on Markers Related to Amyloidogenesis and Neuroinflammation in db/db Mice.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Triglyceride-glucose index association with kidney function in adults; a population-based study.BMC endocrine disorders · 2025Article
- Development and validation of a novel nomogram incorporating psychosocial factors for predicting hypoglycemia during perioperative period of digestive endoscopy (DREAM-Hypo Model).BMC gastroenterology · 2025Observational
14 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The brain has been traditionally thought to be insensitive to insulin, primarily because insulin does not stimulate glucose uptake/metabolism in the brain (as it does in classic insulin-sensitive tissues such as muscle, liver, and fat). However, over the past 20 years, research in this field has identified unique actions of insulin in the brain. There is accumulating evidence that insulin crosses into the brain and regulates central nervous system functions such as feeding, depression, and cognitive behavior. In addition, insulin acts in the brain to regulate systemic functions such as hepatic glucose production, lipolysis, lipogenesis, reproductive competence, and the sympathoadrenal response to hypoglycemia. Decrements in brain insulin action (or brain insulin resistance) can be observed in obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), aging, and Alzheimer's disease (AD), indicating a possible link between metabolic and cognitive health. Here, we describe recent findings on the pleiotropic actions of insulin in the brain and highlight the precise sites, specific neuronal population, and roles for supportive astrocytic cells through which insulin acts in the brain. In addition, we also discuss how boosting brain insulin action could be a therapeutic option for people at an increased risk of developing metabolic and cognitive diseases such as AD and T2DM. Overall, this perspective article serves to highlight some of these key scientific findings, identify unresolved issues, and indicate future directions of research in this field that would serve to improve the lives of people with metabolic and cognitive dysfunctions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.