ReviewInfection2021
Narrative review of the relationship between COVID-19 and PJP: does it represent coinfection or colonization?
Review in Infection, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Secondary fungal infections in severe acute viral diseases: clinical features and underlying immune mechanisms.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Prognostic Significance of BALF Neutrophil Percentage and Hypoxemia in Non-HIVInfection and drug resistance · 2026Article
- Incidence and Temporal Dynamics of Combined Infections in SARS-CoV-2-Infected Patients With Risk Factors for Severe Complications.Journal of Korean medical science · 2025Article
- Review
- Trends in the Epidemiology ofJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Changing Trends in the Incidence and Clinical Features ofLife (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Article
- Article
- Delayed HIV diagnosis during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland: A call for targeted HIV testing for those under suspicion of SARS-CoV-2.HIV medicine · 2022Article
- Clinical Challenges of Emerging and Re-Emerging Yeast Infections in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic.Microorganisms · 2022Review
- Concurrent COVID-19 and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a patient subsequently found to have underlying hairy cell leukemia.Radiology case reports · 2022Article
- COVID-19-associated opportunistic infections: a snapshot on the current reports.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2022Review
- Concurrent Infection with SARS-CoV-2 andJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Observational
- Invasive Respiratory Fungal Infections in COVID-19 Critically Ill Patients.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Fungal Infections in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: Inevitabile Malum.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- Perioperative Management of a Patient With Cushing Disease.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2022Article
- Study find that COVID ARDS was associated with a low risk for possible or proven PCP: still true after dexamethasone use.Critical care (London, England) · 2022Article
- Fungal Infections Other Than Invasive Aspergillosis in COVID-19 Patients.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Overview of COVID-19-Associated Invasive Fungal Infection.Current fungal infection reports · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPneumocystis jirovecii (P. jirovecii) is increasingly identified on lower respiratory tract specimens of COVID-19 patients. Our narrative review aims to determine whether the diagnosis of pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) in COVID-19 patients represents coinfection or colonization based on the evidence available in the literature. We also discuss the decision to treat COVID-19 patients with coinfection by PJP.
methodsA literature search was performed through the Pubmed and Web of Science databases from inception to March 10, 2021.
resultsWe identified 12 COVID-19 patients suspected to have PJP coinfection. All patients were critically ill and required mechanical ventilation. Many were immunosuppressed from HIV or long-term corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive agents. In both the HIV and non-HIV groups, severe lymphocytopenia was encountered with absolute lymphocyte and CD4+T cell count less than 900 and 200 cells/mm, respectively. The time to PJP diagnosis from the initial presentation was 7.8 (range 2-21) days. Serum lactate dehydrogenase and beta-D-glucan were elevated in those coinfected with PJP. All patients were treated with anti-PJP therapy, predominantly sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim with corticosteroids. The overall mortality rate was 41.6%, and comparable for both HIV and non-HIV groups.
conclusionAs the current evidence is restricted to case reports, the true incidence, risk factors, and prognosis of COVID-19 patients with PJP coinfections cannot be accurately determined. Comorbidities of poorly controlled HIV with lymphocytopenia and multiple immunosuppressive therapies are likely predisposing factors for PJP coinfection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.