Trial reportNeurorehabilitation and neural repair2021
Effects of Combined and Alone Transcranial Motor Cortex Stimulation and Mirror Therapy in Phantom Limb Pain: A Randomized Factorial Trial.
Trial report in Neurorehabilitation and neural repair, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of neuromodulation techniques on pain and depression in patients with phantom limb pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Pooled it
- The Analgesic Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression of Potential Influencers of Clinical Effect.Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society · 2023Pooled it
- Transcranial direct current stimulation in the management of phantom limb pain: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Is transcranial direct current stimulation beneficial for treating pain, depression, and anxiety symptoms in patients with chronic pain? A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2022Pooled it
- Effects of Transcranial Electrical Stimulation on Intermuscular Coherence in WuShu Sprint and KAN-Based EMG-Performance Function Fitting.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Trial
- Review
- Neural and psychophysical predictors of treatment response to transcranial direct current stimulation and mindfulness-based meditation for knee osteoarthritis pain.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Robot-Assisted Mirror Therapy for Upper Limb and Hand Recovery After Stroke: Clinical Efficacy and Insights into Neural Mechanisms.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- A randomised, double-blind, sham-controlled, 2×2 factorial trial of aerobic vs. non-aerobic exercise and motor cortex transcranial direct current stimulation in fibromyalgia: effects on clinical outcomes and descending pain modulation.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2026Article
- Emerging neural modulation techniques for the management of phantom limb pain: Evidence from randomized controlled trials.World journal of orthopedics · 2025Article
- A scoping review on the role of virtual walking intervention in enhancing wellness.NPJ digital medicine · 2025Article
- Phantom Limb Pain Management.The Journal of hand surgery · 2025Review
- Evaluating Mirror Therapy Protocols in Phantom Limb Pain Clinical Trials: A Scoping Review.Journal of pain research · 2025Review
- Motor cortex stimulation for phantom limb pain treatment.Surgical neurology international · 2025Article
- Neural Mass Modeling in the Cortical Motor Area and the Mechanism of Alpha Rhythm Changes.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation to Provide Neuroprotection and Enhance Cerebral Blood Flow in Stroke: A Comprehensive Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Review
- Disruptive compensatory mechanisms in fibromyalgia syndrome and their association with pharmacological agents.Experimental brain research · 2024Article
- Neuropsychiatric drugs and a neurophysiological marker as predictors of health-related quality of life in patients with phantom limb pain.Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.) · 2024Article
- Clinical Characteristics Associated with the PLP-PLS Index, a New Potential Metric to Phenotype Phantom Limb Pain.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- The Endogenous Pain Modulatory System as a Healing Mechanism: A Proposal on How to Measure and Modulate It.NeuroSci · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Phantom limb pain (PLP) is a frequent complication in amputees, which is often refractory to treatments. We aim to assess in a factorial trial the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and mirror therapy (MT) in patients with traumatic lower limb amputation; and whether the motor cortex plasticity changes drive these results. In this large randomized, blinded, 2-site, sham-controlled, 2 × 2 factorial trial, 112 participants with traumatic lower limb amputation were randomized into treatment groups. The interventions were active or covered MT for 4 weeks (20 sessions, 15 minutes each) combined with 2 weeks of either active or sham tDCS (10 sessions, 20 minutes each) applied to the contralateral primary motor cortex. The primary outcome was PLP changes on the visual analogue scale at the end of interventions (4 weeks). Motor cortex excitability and cortical mapping were assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We found no interaction between tDCS and MT groups (
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.