ReviewJournal of clinical medicine2021
Rheumatoid Arthritis Associated Episcleritis and Scleritis: An Update on Treatment Perspectives.
Review in Journal of clinical medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed.
- Interstitial Lung Disease in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Incidence and Outcomes in Western Australia.International journal of rheumatic diseases · 2026Article
- An Overview of Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated Dry Eye Disease, Scleritis, and Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Immunomodulation of the Ocular Surface in Severe Dry Eye Disease: Expert-Driven Literature Review on Treatment Strategies with Description of Representative Challenging Cases.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2026Review
- Necrotizing scleritis resistant to biologics successfully managed with the JAK inhibitor upadacitinib: a case report.Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection · 2026Article
- Update on Therapy for Non-Infectious Scleritis.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Review
- Rheumatoid Arthritis Management: Emerging Drug Therapies and Innovations.Current drug targets · 2026Review
- Rhupus syndrome presenting with anterior scleritis and lupus nephritis: A case report.SAGE open medical case reports · 2026Article
- Mitochondrial and microtubule defects in Exfoliation Glaucoma.Free radical biology & medicine · 2025Article
- Where Do We Stand in the Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis Ahead of EULAR/ACR 2025?Clinics and practice · 2025Review
- Article
- Review
- Posterior Scleritis: A Case Report and Literature Review of the Management of the Condition.Cureus · 2024Article
- Felty Syndrome in a Patient Presenting With Bilateral Scleritis and Multiple Autoimmune Syndrome: A Case Report.Cureus · 2024Article
- Review
- Temporomandibular Joint Disorder and Anterior Scleritis as Initial Presentations of Undiagnosed Rheumatoid Arthritis.Journal of community hospital internal medicine perspectives · 2024Article
- Surgical induced necrotizing scleritis following intraocular lens replacement.Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection · 2023Article
- Bilateral scleromalacia in rheumatoid arthritis.Clinical rheumatology · 2023Article
- Signaling pathways in rheumatoid arthritis: implications for targeted therapy.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2023Review
- Identifying TNF and IL6 as potential hub genes and targeted drugs associated with scleritis: A bio-informative report.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Spectrum of and Factors Associated with Eye Disorders among Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Attending Tertiary Hospital in Uganda.Open access rheumatology : research and reviews · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Episcleritis and scleritis are the most common ocular inflammatory manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) accounts for 8% to 15% of the cases of scleritis, and 2% of patients with RA will develop scleritis. These patients are more likely to present with diffuse or necrotizing forms of scleritis and have an increased risk of ocular complications and refractory scleral inflammation. In this review we provide an overview of diagnosis and management of rheumatoid arthritis-associated episcleritis and scleritis with a focus on recent treatment perspectives. Episcleritis is usually benign and treated with oral non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and/or topical steroids. Treatment of scleritis will classically include oral NSAIDs and steroids but may require disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). In refractory cases, treatment with anti TNF biologic agents (infliximab, and adalimumab) is now recommended. Evidence suggests that rituximab may be an effective option, and further studies are needed to investigate the potential role of gevokizumab, tocilizumab, abatacept, tofacitinib, or ACTH gel. A close cooperation is needed between the rheumatology or internal medicine specialist and the ophthalmologist, especially when scleritis may be the first indicator of an underlying rheumatoid vasculitis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.