ReviewViruses2021
Toll-Like Receptors: Are They Taking a Toll on the Heart in Viral Myocarditis?
Review in Viruses, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diagnostic and Therapeutic Options in Myocarditis and Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Arrhythmic Burden After Myocarditis: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Strategies.European cardiology · 2026Review
- Toll-like receptors in infectious myocarditis: pathogen-specific recognition, spatiotemporal dynamic regulation and clinical translation.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System: A Key Regulatory Hub in Myocarditis Leading to Dilated Cardiomyopathy.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Review
- LncRNA MALAT1 to Enhance Pyroptosis in Viral Myocarditis Through UPF1-Mediated SIRT6 mRNA Decay and Wnt-β-Catenin Signal Pathway.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2024Article
- The influence of endurance exercise training on myocardial fibrosis and arrhythmogenesis in a coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis mouse model.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Exploring anesthetic-induced gene expression changes and immune cell dynamics in atrial tissue post-coronary artery bypass graft surgery.Open medicine (Warsaw, Poland) · 2024Article
- Could Selenium Supplementation Prevent COVID-19? A Comprehensive Review of Available Studies.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- COVID-19-Induced Myocarditis: Pathophysiological Roles of ACE2 and Toll-like Receptors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Review
- Interactions between the Gut Microbiome, Lung Conditions, and Coronary Heart Disease and How Probiotics Affect These.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart with viral infections being the most common aetiology. Its complex biology remains poorly understood and its clinical management is one of the most challenging in the field of cardiology. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a family of evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition receptors, are increasingly known to be implicated in the pathophysiology of viral myocarditis. Their central role in innate and adaptive immune responses, and in the inflammatory reaction that ensues, indeed makes them prime candidates to profoundly affect every stage of the disease process. This review describes the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of viral myocarditis, and scrutinises the role of TLRs in every phase. We conclude with directions for future research in this field.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.