ArticleParasites & vectors2021
An update on the distribution of Glossina (tsetse flies) at the wildlife-human-livestock interface of Akagera National Park, Rwanda.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ecological zonation and phylogeographic structure ofInternational journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife · 2025Article
- Species distribution modeling to predict tsetse fly (Glossina spp.) habitat suitability in Kenya.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- Species richness and abundance of wild tsetse flies collected from selected human-wildlife-livestock interface in Tanzania.Parasite epidemiology and control · 2024Article
- The elimination of human African trypanosomiasis: Monitoring progress towards the 2021-2030 WHO road map targets.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Trypanosomes infection, endosymbionts, and host preferences in tsetse flies (One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2023Article
- Entomological assessment of tsetse-borne trypanosome risk in the Shimba Hills human-wildlife-livestock interface, Kenya.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2022Article
- Occurrence, diversity and distribution of Trypanosoma infections in cattle around the Akagera National Park, Rwanda.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundGlossina (tsetse flies) biologically transmit trypanosomes that infect both humans and animals. Knowledge of their distribution patterns is a key element to better understand the transmission dynamics of trypanosomosis. Tsetse distribution in Rwanda has not been well enough documented, and little is known on their current distribution. This study determined the current spatial distribution, abundance, diversity, and seasonal variations of tsetse flies in and around the Akagera National Park.
methodsA longitudinal stratified sampling following the seasons was used. Biconical traps were deployed in 55 sites for 6 consecutive days of each study month from May 2018 to June 2019 and emptied every 48 h. Flies were identified using FAO keys, and the number of flies per trap day (FTD) was used to determine the apparent density. Pearson chi-square (χ2) and parametrical tests (t-test and ANOVA) were used to determine the variations between the variables. The significance (p < 0.05) at 95% confidence interval was considered. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between tsetse occurrence and the associated predictors.
resultsA total of 39,516 tsetse flies were collected, of which 73.4 and 26.6% were from inside Akagera NP and the interface area, respectively. Female flies accounted for 61.3 while 38.7% were males. Two species were identified, i.e. G. pallidipes [n = 29,121, 7.4 flies/trap/day (FTD)] and G. morsitans centralis (n = 10,395; 2.6 FTD). The statistical difference in numbers was significant between the two species (p = 0.000). The flies were more abundant during the wet season (15.8 FTD) than the dry season (4.2 FTD). Large numbers of flies were trapped around the swamp areas (69.1 FTD) inside the park and in Nyagatare District (11.2 FTD) at the interface. Glossina morsitans was 0.218 times less likely to occur outside the park. The chance of co-existing between the two species reduced outside the protected area (0.021 times).
conclusionsThe occurrence of Glossina seems to be limited to the protected Akagera NP and a narrow band of its surrounding areas. This finding will be crucial to design appropriate control strategies. Glossina pallidipes was found in higher numbers and therefore is conceivably the most important vector of trypanosomosis. Regional coordinated control and regular monitoring of Glossina distribution are recommended.
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