Trial reportGut2022
Decoy bypass for appetite suppression in obese adults: role of synergistic nutrient sensing receptors GPR84 and FFAR4 on colonic endocrine cells.
Trial report in Gut, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Effect of Nutrients on Regulating Appetite - a Dosing Study
Open the trial in the graphThe Effect of Food Supplements on Food Intake and Gut Hormone Levels
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Short-, medium-, versus long-chain fatty acids: mechanisms of immunomodulation and disease pathogenesis.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2026Review
- Systematic Characterisation of GLP-1R in Human Enteric Nervous System: Implications for GLP-1 as a Key Regulator of Colonic Activity.Journal of neurochemistry · 2026Article
- The Multifaceted Roles of GPR120 in Central Nervous System Disorders: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Implications.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Hypothalamic neuroimmune remodeling as an immunometabolic bridge between childhood obesity and earlier pubertal onset.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Review
- Review
- Free fatty acid receptor 4 modulates dietary sugar preference via the gut microbiota.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- Advances in colon-targeted drug technologies.Current opinion in gastroenterology · 2025Review
- Precision Psychobiotics for Gut-Brain Axis Health: Advancing the Discovery Pipelines to Deliver Mechanistic Pathways and Proven Health Efficacy.Microbial biotechnology · 2025Review
- Sensing of luminal contents and downstream modulation of GI function.JGH open : an open access journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2024Review
- Study on Potential Differentially Expressed Genes in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis by Bioinformatics and Next-Generation Sequencing Data Analysis.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Analysis of the spinal and vagal afferent innervation of the mouse colon using neuronal retrograde tracers.Cell and tissue research · 2023Article
- Intestinal Enteroendocrine Cells: Present and Future Druggable Targets.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Ileocolonic-Targeted JAK Inhibitor: A Safer and More Effective Treatment for Inflammatory Bowel Disease.Pharmaceutics · 2022Article
- Evolutionary analyses reveal immune cell receptor GPR84 as a conserved receptor for bacteria-derived molecules.iScience · 2022Article
- In vitro models and ex vivo systems used in inflammatory bowel disease.In vitro models · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveColonic enteroendocrine cells (EECs) store and release potent anorectic hormones that are key regulators of satiety. EECs express multiple nutrient sensing receptors, particularly for medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs): GPR84 and FFAR4. Here we show a non-surgical approach with targeted colonic delivery of MCFA, which induces EEC and neuronal activation leading to anorectic effects.
designA randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study was performed in obese adults given combined GPR84 and FFAR4 agonists in colonic release capsules before meals. We measured serum hormones, energy intake and appetite perception. Cell type, activation by agonists and hormone/serotonin release were determined in human colonic explants. Mouse colonic afferent nerve responses to nutrients/mediators were recorded electrophysiologically.
resultsSubjects receiving GPR84 and FFAR4 agonists had reduced overall calorific intake and increased postprandial levels of PYY versus placebo. Receptors including GPR84 and FFAR4 were coexpressed on human colonic EEC. Activation of GPR84 exclusively induced intracellular pERK, whereas FFAR4 selectively activated pCaMKII. Coactivation of GPR84 and FFAR4 induced both phosphoproteins, and superadditive release of GLP-1 and PYY. Nutrients and hormones convergently activated murine colonic afterent nerves via GLP-1, Y2 and 5-HT3 receptors.
conclusionsColonic GPR84 and FFAR4 agonists reduce energy intake and increase postprandial PYY in obese adults. Human colonic EECs coexpress these receptors, which activate cells via parallel intracellular pathways and synergistically evoke hormone release. Further synergism occurs in sensory nerve responses to MCFA and EEC mediators. Thus, synergistic activation of colonic endocrine cells via nutrient receptors is an important target for metabolic regulation. TRAIL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04292236.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.