ArticleThe Laryngoscope2022
Tracheal Macrophages During Regeneration and Repair of Long-Segment Airway Defects.
Article in The Laryngoscope, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Successful Early Neovascularization in Composite Tracheal Grafts.Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery · 2023Trial
- Organic and Synthetic Substitutes in Tracheal Reconstruction: A Scoping Review (2015-2025).Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Orchestrated response from heterogenous fibroblast subsets contributes to repair from surgery-induced stress after airway reconstruction.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Proteomic Analysis of Surgery-induced Stress Post-Tracheal Transplantation Highlights Changes in Matrisome.The Laryngoscope · 2024Article
- Injectable pulverized electrospun poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) fibers improve human adipose tissue engraftment and volume retention.Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A · 2023Article
- Partial decellularization eliminates immunogenicity in tracheal allografts.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2023Article
- Regeneration of tracheal neotissue in partially decellularized scaffolds.NPJ Regenerative medicine · 2023Article
- Article
- Implanted Tissue-Engineered Vascular Graft Cell Isolation with Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Analysis.Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods · 2023Article
- Computational, Ex Vivo, and Tissue Engineering Techniques for Modeling Large Airways.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2023Article
- Tissue-engineered composite tracheal grafts create mechanically stable and biocompatible airway replacements.Journal of tissue engineeringArticle
- Preclinical and clinical orthotopic transplantation of decellularized/engineered tracheal scaffolds: A systematic literature review.Journal of tissue engineeringReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectives/hypothesisTissue-engineered tracheal grafts (TETGs) offer a potential solution for repair of long-segment airway defects. However, preclinical and clinical TETGs have been associated with chronic inflammation and macrophage infiltration. Macrophages express great phenotypic heterogeneity (generally characterized as classically activated [M1] vs. alternatively activated [M2]) and can influence tracheal repair and regeneration. We quantified and characterized infiltrating host macrophages using mouse microsurgical tracheal replacement models. STUDY
designTranslational research, animal model.
methodsWe assessed macrophage infiltration and phenotype in animals implanted with syngeneic tracheal grafts, synthetic TETGs, or partially decellularized tracheal scaffolds (DTSs).
resultsMacrophage infiltration was observed following tracheal replacement with syngeneic trachea. Both M1 and M2 macrophages were present in native trachea and increased during early tracheal repair (P = .014), with an M1/M2 ratio of 0.48 ± 0.15. In contrast, orthotopic implantation of synthetic TETGs resulted in a shift to M1 predominant macrophage phenotype with an increased M1/M2 ratio of 1.35 ± 0.41 by 6 weeks following implant (P = .035). Modulation of the synthetic scaffold with the addition of polyglycolic acid (PGA) resulted in a reduction of M1/M2 ratio due to an increase in M2 macrophages (P = .006). Using systemic macrophage depletion, the M1/M2 ratio reverted to native values in synthetic TETG recipients and was associated with an increase in graft epithelialization. Macrophage ratios seen in DTSs were similar to native values.
conclusionsM1 and M2 macrophages are present during tracheal repair. Poor epithelialization with synthetic TETG is associated with an elevation of the M1/M2 ratio. Macrophage phenotype can be altered with scaffold composition and host-directed systemic therapies. DTSs exhibit M1/M2 ratios similar to those seen in native trachea and syngeneic tracheal replacement. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: NA Laryngoscope, 132:737-746, 2022.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.