Trial reportBMC microbiology2021
A synbiotic intervention modulates meta-omics signatures of gut redox potential and acidity in elective caesarean born infants.
Trial report in BMC microbiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Infant gut microbiota following cesarean section in the Middle East: a multidisciplinary expert consensus based on a targeted narrative review.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Pooled it
- The Impact of Cesarean Section Delivery on Intestinal Microbiota: Mechanisms, Consequences, and Perspectives-A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Restoration of gut microbiota with a specific synbiotic-containing infant formula in healthy Chinese infants born by cesarean section.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Trial
- Milk phospholipid-coated lipid droplets modulate the infant gut microbiota and metabolome influencing weight gain.Microbiome · 2025Trial
- Microbial-derived tryptophan metabolites in the infant gut associate with increased risk of asthma following cesarean section.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Maternal-prenatal gut microbiome-systemic metabolome perturbations and TGenome medicine · 2026Article
- Human milk microbiota: origins, determinants, and roles in maternal-infant microbial transmission and infant microbiome assembly.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Early life gut microbiome and its impact on childhood health and chronic conditions.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Cesarean section and socioeconomic status are associated with Bifidobacterium abundance and intestinal physiology: observations from a cross-sectional study in formula-fed infants.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Microbiome: A Key Regulator of Body-Brain Interactions.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025Review
- Evaluating the Effects of Sugar ShiftMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- Review
- Tailored recommendations for infant milk formula intake results in more accurate feeding.European journal of pediatrics · 2024Article
- Knowledge, attitude, and practice of Chinese parents with infants (aged 0-3 years) toward immunity, gut microbiota and biotics: a comprehensive study.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- A synbiotic mixture of selected oligosaccharides and bifidobacteria assists murine gut microbiota restoration following antibiotic challenge.Microbiome · 2023Article
- Whey-based diet containing medium chain triglycerides modulates the gut microbiota and protects the intestinal mucosa from chemotherapy while maintaining therapy efficacy.Cell death & disease · 2023Article
- Pre-, pro-, syn-, and Postbiotics in Infant Formulas: What Are the Immune Benefits for Infants?Nutrients · 2023Review
- Article
- Evaluation of Stool Short Chain Fatty Acids Profiles in the First Year of Life With Childhood Atopy-Related Outcomes.Frontiers in allergy · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
26 authors at 10 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe compromised gut microbiome that results from C-section birth has been hypothesized as a risk factor for the development of non-communicable diseases (NCD). In a double-blind randomized controlled study, 153 infants born by elective C-section received an infant formula supplemented with either synbiotic, prebiotics, or unsupplemented from birth until 4 months old. Vaginally born infants were included as a reference group. Stool samples were collected from day 3 till week 22. Multi-omics were deployed to investigate the impact of mode of delivery and nutrition on the development of the infant gut microbiome, and uncover putative biological mechanisms underlying the role of a compromised microbiome as a risk factor for NCD.
resultsAs early as day 3, infants born vaginally presented a hypoxic and acidic gut environment characterized by an enrichment of strict anaerobes (Bifidobacteriaceae). Infants born by C-section presented the hallmark of a compromised microbiome driven by an enrichment of Enterobacteriaceae. This was associated with meta-omics signatures characteristic of a microbiome adapted to a more oxygen-rich gut environment, enriched with genes associated with reactive oxygen species metabolism and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, and depleted in genes involved in the metabolism of milk carbohydrates. The synbiotic formula modulated expression of microbial genes involved in (oligo)saccharide metabolism, which emulates the eco-physiological gut environment observed in vaginally born infants. The resulting hypoxic and acidic milieu prevented the establishment of a compromised microbiome.
conclusionsThis study deciphers the putative functional hallmarks of a compromised microbiome acquired during C-section birth, and the impact of nutrition that may counteract disturbed microbiome development.
trial registrationThe study was registered in the Dutch Trial Register (Number: 2838 ) on 4th April 2011.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.