ReviewIranian journal of public health2021
The Reasons for Higher Mortality Rate in Opium Addicted Patients with COVID-19: A Narrative Review.
Review in Iranian journal of public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Investigating the role of opium consumption in the severity, and outcome of COVID-19.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Postoperative evaluation of interleukin-8 and C1q/TNF-related protein-12 in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery.Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992) · 2025Article
- Association between opioid abuse and COVID-19 susceptibility: a propensity score matched study.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Increasing opium use in Iran in response to unsubstantiated rumors that it protects against COVID-19.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2022Article
- Predicting the necessity of oxygen therapy in the early stage of COVID-19 using machine learning.Medical & biological engineering & computing · 2022Article
- Drugs of Abuse and Their Impact on Viral Pathogenesis.Viruses · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused COVID-19 has developed into an unexampled worldwide pandemic. The most important cause of death in patients with COVID-19 is Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Opium is widely used for its analgesic features in control of acute and chronic pain related to different diseases. Opium consumption is increased over the last three decades and leads to adverse effects on the respiratory system; opium also affects the lungs' functions and respiration. The contemplative issue is the higher mortality rate due to SARS-CoV-2 infection in opium addicts' patients. Studies have shown that despite the decrease in proinflammatory cytokines production in opium addicts, there are at least 4 reasons for this increase in mortality rate: downregulation of IFNs expression, development of pulmonary edema, increase thrombotic factors, increase the expression of Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Therefore, identifying the causes of mortality and approved therapies for the treatment of COVID-19 patients who use opium for any reason is an important unmet need to reduce SARS-CoV-2 infection-related mortality. This review study demonstrated the effects of opium on immune responses and the reasons for the higher mortality rate in opium addicts' patients with COVID-19.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.