Trial reportNature human behaviour2021
Understanding, explaining, and utilizing medical artificial intelligence.
Trial report in Nature human behaviour, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 79 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
79 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 292 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review of applications of deep learning in veterinary diagnostics and animal health.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Pooled it
- Prediction and diagnosis of depression using machine learning with electronic health records data: a systematic review.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2023Pooled it
- Impact of AI-Assisted Diagnosis on American Patients' Trust in and Intention to Seek Help From Health Care Professionals: Randomized, Web-Based Survey Experiment.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Trial
- Patient Reactions to Artificial Intelligence-Clinician Discrepancies: Web-Based Randomized Experiment.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Trial
- Counselor type (Human/AI) and consultation intention: a moderated mediation model of trust and psychological counseling scenarios.BMC psychology · 2025Trial
- Patient trust in the use of machine learning-based clinical decision support systems in psychiatric services: A randomized survey experiment.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2024Trial
- Expert-centered Evaluation of Deep Learning Algorithms for Brain Tumor Segmentation.Radiology. Artificial intelligence · 2024Trial
- Algorithm-assisted personalized risk communication to encourage flu vaccination in the USA: three randomized field trials.Nature human behaviour · 2026Article
- From Assistance to Autonomy: Acceptability of Progressive Artificial Intelligence Integration in Facial Reconstructive Surgery-Protocol for Within-Subjects Vignette Experiment Among Romanian Adults.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Application of transformer-enhanced convolutional neural network: multicenter MRI assessment of muscle invasion in bladder cancer.European radiology · 2026Article
- Adaptive yet suboptimal integration of advice in decision-making.Communications psychology · 2026Article
- Role of artificial intelligence in analyzing human behavior and predicting personality traits and personality disorders.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The 'Hippocratic Oath' for AI-based clinical decision support systems.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2026Article
- Can conceptual beliefs shape impressions from voices?Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2026Article
- Shame or Anger? The Impact of Negative Performance Feedback Sources (AI Versus Leader) on Employees' Job Crafting.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Public perceptions of AI-assisted cancer care in Abu Dhabi, UAE: A cross-sectional survey.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2026Article
- Expectations and concerns of primary healthcare patients in rural areas and small towns in Poland regarding artificial intelligence.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Patient perceptions of artificial intelligence integration in dermatology: a cross-sectional study of trust, comfort and equity across multiple care modalities.Skin health and disease · 2026Article
- Advances in the Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease: Integrating Conventional Tools and Emerging Biomarkers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Facilitators and Barriers of Using an Artificial Intelligence Agent in Chronic Disease Management: A Normalization Process Theory-Guided Qualitative Study of Older Patients with COPD.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
19 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Medical artificial intelligence is cost-effective and scalable and often outperforms human providers, yet people are reluctant to use it. We show that resistance to the utilization of medical artificial intelligence is driven by both the subjective difficulty of understanding algorithms (the perception that they are a 'black box') and by an illusory subjective understanding of human medical decision-making. In five pre-registered experiments (1-3B: N = 2,699), we find that people exhibit an illusory understanding of human medical decision-making (study 1). This leads people to believe they better understand decisions made by human than algorithmic healthcare providers (studies 2A,B), which makes them more reluctant to utilize algorithmic than human providers (studies 3A,B). Fortunately, brief interventions that increase subjective understanding of algorithmic decision processes increase willingness to utilize algorithmic healthcare providers (studies 3A,B). A sixth study on Google Ads for an algorithmic skin cancer detection app finds that the effectiveness of such interventions generalizes to field settings (study 4: N = 14,013).
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.