Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34189191›Full record

ArticleNeurobiology of stress2021

Telencephalic regulation of the HPA axis in birds.

Tom V Smulders

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Neurobiology of stress, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
14citing papers in PubMed
4.8field-weighted citation impact, top 5% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

14 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Fecal Glucocorticoid Metabolite Responses of Brown Kiwi (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025
    Article
  5. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.

Tom V SmuldersCentre for Behaviour & Evolution, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
Newcastle University · GB

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is one of the major output systems of the vertebrate stress response. It controls the release of cortisol or corticosterone from the adrenal gland. These hormones regulate a range of processes throughout the brain and body, with the main function of mobilizing energy reserves to improve coping with a stressful situation. This axis is regulated in response to both physical (e.g., osmotic) and psychological (e.g., social) stressors. In mammals, the telencephalon plays an important role in the regulation of the HPA axis response in particular to psychological stressors, with the amygdala and part of prefrontal cortex stimulating the stress response, and the hippocampus and another part of prefrontal cortex inhibiting the response to return it to baseline. Birds also mount HPA axis responses to psychological stressors, but much less is known about the telencephalic areas that control this response. This review summarizes which telencephalic areas in birds are connected to the HPA axis and are known to respond to stressful situations. The conclusion is that the telencephalic control of the HPA axis is probably an ancient system that dates from before the split between sauropsid and synapsid reptiles, but more research is needed into the functional relationships between the brain areas reviewed in birds if we want to understand the level of this conservation.

Indexed as

Avian brainBrain evolutionHippocampus;amygdalaHPA axisParaventricular nucleusSeptumStress response regulation

Identifiers

PMID34189191
PMCPMC8220096
OpenAlexW3168260051

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.