ReviewJournal of the Endocrine Society2021
COVID-19 and Thyroid Diseases: A Bidirectional Impact.
Review in Journal of the Endocrine Society, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 92 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of thyroid dysfunction and COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- Causal associations between thyroid dysfunction and COVID-19 susceptibility and severity: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- Post-COVID-19 Thyroid Dysfunction and Autoimmune Ultrasound Changes: A 12-Month Prospective Cohort Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- DNA methylation changes in thyroid cancer patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.Updates in surgery · 2026Article
- COVID-19 pandemic and thyroid diseases.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Subacute thyroiditis after COVID-19 - Clinical, laboratory and ultrasound aspects.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Article
- Correlation of TSH Levels with Inflammatory Markers in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Non-Thyroidal Illness Syndrome and Thyroid Autoimmunity in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Association Between COVID-19 Infection and Thyroid Cancer Development: A Retrospective Cohort Study Using the TriNetX Database.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Low urinary selenium concentration is associated with nonthyroidal illness syndrome in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.Archives of endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
- Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 on Women's Reproductive Health and Its Association with Autoimmune Diseases, Including Multiple Sclerosis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- A 6-Year Retrospective Study in Surgery Patients with Thyroid Diseases in Mureș County, Romania, Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Clinical characteristics of Graves' disease following COVID-19 infection or vaccination: a multicenter case-control study.Turkish journal of medical sciences · 2025Article
- State of Knowledge About Thyroid Cancers in the Era of COVID-19-A Narrative Review.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Review
- Understanding autoimmune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection and the pathogenesis/mechanisms of long COVID.Medical review (2021) · 2024Review
- Thyroid dysfunction in COVID-19.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2024Review
- Subacute Thyroiditis Following COVID-19: A Case of Diagnostic Challenge in the Absence of Neck Pain.Cureus · 2024Article
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone as a Possible Additional COVID-19 Outcome Marker.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Article
- The Influence of Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases on Viral Pneumonia Development, Including COVID-19: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
contextCOVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has become the most lethal and rapidly moving pandemic since the Spanish influenza of 1918-1920, is associated with thyroid diseases.
methodsReferences were identified through searches of PubMed and MEDLINE for articles published from Jan 1, 2019 to February 19, 2021 by use of the MeSH terms "
resultsThough preexisting autoimmune thyroid disease appears unlikely to render patients more vulnerable to COVID-19, some reports have documented relapse of Graves' disease (GD) or newly diagnosed GD about 1 month following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Investigations are ongoing to investigate molecular pathways permitting the virus to trigger GD or cause subacute thyroiditis (SAT). While COVID-19 is associated with non-thyroidal illness, it is not clear whether it also increases the risk of developing autoimmune hypothyroidism. The possibility that thyroid dysfunction may also increase susceptibility for COVID-19 infection deserves further investigation. Recent data illustrate the importance of thyroid hormone in protecting the lungs from injury, including that associated with COVID-19.
conclusionThe interaction between the thyroid gland and COVID-19 is complex and bidirectional. COVID-19 infection is associated with triggering of GD and SAT, and possibly hypothyroidism. Until more is understood regarding the impact of coronavirus on the thyroid gland, it seems advisable to monitor patients with COVID-19 for new thyroid disease or progression of preexisting thyroid disease.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.