ArticlePloS one2021
Development of type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance in people with HIV infection: Prevalence, incidence and associated factors.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between HIV infection and type 2 diabetes mellitus: global incidence, prevalence, and risk factors - a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Renal and Cardiovascular Complications Following Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in People With and Without HIV: Data From the Cohort Study on Morbidity and HIV in Sweden (COSMOHS) Between 2010 and 2024.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Insulin Resistance and Inflammation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- [Triglyceride-glucose index changes after one year of antiretroviral therapy].Revista medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social · 2026Article
- Type 2 diabetes in people living with HIV: epidemiology, mechanisms, sex differences and early-life determinants.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Non-communicable diseases and resistant tuberculosis, a growing burden among people living with HIV in Eastern Kenya.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Interferon Upregulation Associates with Insulin Resistance in Humans.Current diabetes reviews · 2025Review
- Incidence and predictors of non-communicable diseases among people with HIV at a specialised hospital in Hawassa, Ethiopia: a retrospective cohort study.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- No Genetic Causal Relationship Between HIV Infection and Insulin Resistance, Diabetes: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Analysis.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2025Article
- HOMA-AD, inflammation, and adipose tissue dysfunction as key drivers of immunometabolic risk in people living with HIV and type 2 diabetes.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Blood glucose outcomes of anti-retroviral therapy naïve Ugandan people with HIV with pre-diabetes mellitus initiated on dolutegravir for 48 weeks.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus and Associated Factors in the Era of Antiretroviral Drugs With a Low Metabolic Toxicity Profile.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- The metabolic effects of APOL1 in humans.Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology · 2023Review
- Cohort profile: InfCareHIV, a prospective registry-based cohort study of people with diagnosed HIV in Sweden.BMJ open · 2023Article
- Bictegravir/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide Treatment: Efficacy and Tolerability in Clinical Practice.Drug design, development and therapy · 2023Article
- Association Between Weight Gain and the Incidence of Cardiometabolic Conditions Among People Living with HIV-1 at High Risk of Weight Gain Initiated on Antiretroviral Therapy.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2022Article
- Pathophysiological Consequences of At-Risk Alcohol Use; Implications for Comorbidity Risk in Persons Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDiabetes and insulin resistance is an emerging issue in people with HIV. HIV-related mortality and morbidities have decreased markedly over the last few decades, while co-morbidities including type 2 diabetes (T2D) have increased.
settingThis study investigated the incidence of T2D and insulin resistance in a cohort of HIV-patients on effective treatment.
methodsPrevalence and baseline predictors of T2D were assessed in a cohort of 570 HIV-positive patients 50 years or older. Patients without diabetes (n = 505) were followed prospectively over a median period of 7.25 year (2012-2020) until T2D development, death or end of the study. T2D was defined as repeated fasting glucose values ≥7.0 mmol/L. Insulin resistance was defined as HOMA-IR ≥3.0. Predictors of T2D development (HIV-related parameters, lipids, hypertension, central obesity, inflammation, smoking and use of statins) were assessed using logistic regression analysis.
results30% (153/505) had insulin resistance. During follow up (3485 patient-years) 9% (43/505) developed T2D and 7% (36/505) insulin resistance. Thus, at follow up the prevalence of either T2D or insulin resistance was 46% (232/505). T2D incidence was 1.2/100 patient-years. In multivariate analysis, after adjustment for age, T2D development was associated with baseline insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, central obesity and statin treatment, but no HIV-related factors.
conclusionThe incidence of T2D in this cohort of patients with well controlled HIV-infection was high. The predictive factors associated with the development of T2D were not unique for HIV positive patients. The findings underline the importance of lifestyle changes in avoidance of T2D in people with HIV.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.