ArticleNutrients2021
The Speed of Ingestion of a Sugary Beverage Has an Effect on the Acute Metabolic Response to Fructose.
Article in Nutrients, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Close association between lifestyle and circulating FGF21 levels: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- Leptin and PAI-1 Levels Are Decreased After a Dietary Intervention in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Trial
- The Hepatic Axis Fructose-Methylglyoxal-AMPK: Starring or Secondary Role in Chronic Metabolic Disease?Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Exploring Glyoxalase Strategies for Managing Sugar-Induced Chronic Diseases.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Beneficial Effects of the Ketogenic Diet on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD/MAFLD).Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Association between eating speed and atherosclerosis in relation to growth differentiation factor-15 levels in older individuals in a cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- A study on the early metabolic effects of salt and fructose consumption: the protective role of water.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2024Article
- The fructose survival hypothesis for obesity.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2023Review
- Sugar and Dyslipidemia: A Double-Hit, Perfect Storm.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- The Ketogenic Diet and Cardiovascular Diseases.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Fructose: A New Variable to Consider in SIADH and the Hyponatremia Associated With Long-Distance Running?American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation · 2023Article
- High-Fructose Diet-Induced Hyperuricemia Accompanying Metabolic Syndrome-Mechanisms and Dietary Therapy Proposals.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Review
- Article
- Do thrifty genes exist? Revisiting uricase.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2022Review
- Role of high-salt diet in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a mini-review of the evidence.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2022Review
- Current Hydration Habits: The Disregarded Factor for the Development of Renal and Cardiometabolic Diseases.Nutrients · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe consumption of sweetened beverages is associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
objectiveWe hypothesized that the metabolic effects of fructose in sugary beverages might be modulated by the speed of ingestion in addition to the overall amount.
designThirty healthy subjects free of any disease and medication were recruited into two groups. After overnight fasting, subjects in group 1 drank 500 mL of apple juice over an hour by drinking 125 mL every 15 min, while subjects in group 2 drank 500 mL of apple juice over 5 min. Blood samples were collected at time zero and 15, 30, 60, and 120 min after ingestion to be analyzed for serum glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR) score, fibroblast growth factor 21, copeptin, osmolarity, sodium, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), lactate, uric acid, and phosphate levels.
resultsSerum glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, fibroblast growth factor 21, copeptin, osmolarity, sodium, BUN, and lactate levels increased following apple juice ingestion. The increases were greater in the fast-drinking group, which were more significant after 15 min and 30 min compared to baseline. The changes in uric acid were not statistically different between the groups. Phosphate levels significantly increased only in the fast-drinking group.
conclusionFast ingestion of 100% apple juice causes a significantly greater metabolic response, which may be associated with negative long-term outcomes. Our findings suggest that the rate of ingestion must be considered when evaluating the metabolic impacts of sweetened beverage consumption.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.