ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
The Footprint of Kynurenine Pathway in Neurodegeneration: Janus-Faced Role in Parkinson's Disorder and Therapeutic Implications.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Investigating the role of the kynurenine pathway in traumatic brain injury: a systematic review.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2026Pooled it
- Dynamic changes in metabolites of the kynurenine pathway in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease: A systematic Review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- The gut microbiota-tryptophan metabolism-immune axis in inflammatory bowel disease: Mechanisms and therapeutic prospects.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- The Tryptophan-Kynurenine Pathway as a Key Mediator of the Gut-Brain Axis in Depression and Alzheimer's Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Bidirectional Mechanisms Linking Circadian Rhythm Disruption and Parkinson's Disease: Chronobiomarkers and Therapeutic Implications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Targeted metabolomics to assess positive effects of empagliflozin in a Parkinson's disease model: focused on the kynurenine pathway and oxidative stress.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Gut-Brain Signaling in Parkinson's Disease: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Tryptophan metabolism alterations in neurological and psychiatric diseases: Molecular mechanisms and pharmacological targets.Metabolic brain disease · 2026Review
- Kynurenine pathway in Parkinson's disease: pathophysiological roles and therapeutic interventions.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- The microbiota-tryptophan-brain axis in neurodegenerative diseases: pathogenic mechanisms, disease-specific roles, and translational therapeutics.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites as Mediators of Exercise-Induced Mood Enhancement, Fatigue Resistance, and Neuroprotection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Review
- Interactions between gut microbiota and parkinson's disease: the role of tryptophan metabolism.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Review
- Article
- Quinoline Quest: Kynurenic Acid Strategies for Next-Generation Therapeutics via Rational Drug Design.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Diverse Physiological Roles of Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites: Updated Implications for Health and Disease.Metabolites · 2025Review
- Lewy body diseases and the gut.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2025Review
- The tryptophan metabolic pathway of the microbiome and host cells in health and disease.International immunology · 2024Review
- Thinking outside the brain: Gut microbiome influence on innate immunity within neurodegenerative disease.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2024Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Progressive degeneration of neurons and aggravation of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta results in the loss of dopamine in the brain of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Numerous therapies, exhibiting transient efficacy have been developed; however, they are mostly accompanied by side effects and limited reliability, therefore instigating the need to develop novel optimistic treatment targets. Significant therapeutic targets have been identified, namely: chaperones, protein Abelson, glucocerebrosidase-1, calcium, neuromelanin, ubiquitin-proteasome system, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the kynurenine pathway (KP). The role of KP and its metabolites and enzymes in PD, namely quinolinic acid (QUIN), kynurenic acid (KYNA), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), 3-hydroxyanthranillic acid (3-HAA), kunurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO), etc. has been reported. The neurotoxic QUIN, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonist, and neuroprotective KYNA-which antagonizes QUIN actions-primarily justify the Janus-faced role of KP in PD. Moreover, KP has been reported to play a biomarker role in PD detection. Therefore, the authors detail the neurotoxic, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory neuroactive components, alongside the upstream and downstream metabolic pathways of KP, forming a basis for a therapeutic paradigm of the disease while recognizing KP as a potential biomarker in PD, thus facilitating the development of a suitable target in PD management.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.