ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
Estrogen Receptor Modulators in Viral Infections Such as SARS-CoV-2: Therapeutic Consequences.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Transdermal 17β-Estradiol for the Treatment of COVID-19: Protocol of an Early Terminated Phase 2 Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Exploratory analysis of the impact of sex on sputum proteomic response to inhaled wood smoke in humans.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2026Article
- Cell line-specific estrogen responses uncover functional sex differences in murine macrophages.Biology of sex differences · 2025Article
- Post-COVID-19 Vaccine Hyperproduction of Anti-Spike Antibodies and Rheumatological Manifestations.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Sex bias determines MERS-CoV infection outcomes in a mouse model of differential pathogenicity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Hormone Replacement Therapy and Cardiovascular Health in Postmenopausal Women.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Interplay between endogenous hormones and immune systems in human metapneumovirus pathogenesis and management.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Repercussion of SARS-CoV-2 on the Sexual Function in Males: An Updated Review.Infectious disorders drug targets · 2025Review
- Exploration of drug repurposing for Mpox outbreaks targeting gene signatures and host-pathogen interactions.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Impact of in vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection on breast cancer cells.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Efficacy of Tamoxifen Metabolites in Combination with Colistin and Tigecycline in Experimental Murine Models ofAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Investigation of the potential effects of estrogen receptor modulators on immune checkpoint molecules.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- COVID-19: A complex disease with a unique metabolic signature.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Effects of COVID-19 Infection and Vaccination on the Female Reproductive System: A Narrative ReviewBalkan medical journal · 2023Review
- Hitchhiking into a cell: flavonoids may produce complexes with transition metals for transmembrane translocation.Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine · 2022Article
- Autoimmunity, cancer and COVID-19 abnormally activate wound healing pathways: critical role of inflammation.Histochemistry and cell biology · 2022Review
- The immune response to COVID-19: Does sex matter?Immunology · 2022Review
- Immune-Related Protein Interaction Network in Severe COVID-19 Patients toward the Identification of Key Proteins and Drug Repurposing.Biomolecules · 2022Article
- Estrogen and Estrogen Receptor Modulators: Potential Therapeutic Strategies for COVID-19 and Breast Cancer.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
- From Menopause to Neurodegeneration-Molecular Basis and Potential Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
COVID-19 is a pandemic respiratory disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. The worldwide epidemiologic data showed higher mortality in males compared to females, suggesting a hypothesis about the protective effect of estrogens against severe disease progression with the ultimate end being patient's death. This article summarizes the current knowledge regarding the potential effect of estrogens and other modulators of estrogen receptors on COVID-19. While estrogen receptor activation shows complex effects on the patient's organism, such as an influence on the cardiovascular/pulmonary/immune system which includes lower production of cytokines responsible for the cytokine storm, the receptor-independent effects directly inhibits viral replication. Furthermore, it inhibits the interaction of IL-6 with its receptor complex. Interestingly, in addition to natural hormones, phytestrogens and even synthetic molecules are able to interact with the estrogen receptor and exhibit some anti-COVID-19 activity. From this point of view, estrogen receptor modulators have the potential to be included in the anti-COVID-19 therapeutic arsenal.
Indexed as
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.