Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34211009›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2021

Mosquito species identification using convolutional neural networks with a multitiered ensemble model for novel species detection.

Autumn Goodwin, Sanket Padmanabhan, Sanchit Hira, Margaret Glancey, Monet Slinowsky, Rakhil Immidisetti, Laura Scavo, Jewell Brey, Bala Murali Manoghar Sai Sudhakar, Tristan Ford and 5 more

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
31citing papers in PubMed
12.4field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

31 citing papers in PubMed, 79 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Article
  4. Horizons of the Future: Preparedness and Response.Current topics in microbiology and immunology · 2026
    Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Range expansion ofOne health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025
    Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Identifying disease vector images in the Americas in the age of artificial intelligence.Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical · 2025
    Review
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.

Autumn GoodwinVectech, Baltimore, MD, 21211, USA. autumn@vectech.io.
Sanket PadmanabhanVectech, Baltimore, MD, 21211, USA.
Sanchit HiraCenter for Bioengineering Innovation and Design, Biomedical Engineering Department, Whiting School of Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
Margaret GlanceyVectech, Baltimore, MD, 21211, USA.
Monet SlinowskyCenter for Bioengineering Innovation and Design, Biomedical Engineering Department, Whiting School of Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
Rakhil ImmidisettiCenter for Bioengineering Innovation and Design, Biomedical Engineering Department, Whiting School of Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
Laura ScavoCenter for Bioengineering Innovation and Design, Biomedical Engineering Department, Whiting School of Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
Jewell BreyCenter for Bioengineering Innovation and Design, Biomedical Engineering Department, Whiting School of Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
Bala Murali Manoghar Sai SudhakarVectech, Baltimore, MD, 21211, USA.
Tristan FordVectech, Baltimore, MD, 21211, USA.
Collyn HeierCenter for Bioengineering Innovation and Design, Biomedical Engineering Department, Whiting School of Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
Yvonne-Marie LintonWalter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU), Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, 20746, USA.
David B PecorWalter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU), Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, 20746, USA.
Laura Caicedo-QuirogaWalter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU), Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, 20746, USA.
Soumyadipta AcharyaCenter for Bioengineering Innovation and Design, Biomedical Engineering Department, Whiting School of Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA. acharya@jhu.edu.
Johns Hopkins University · USJohns Hopkins Medicine · USSmithsonian Institution · USNational Museum of Natural History · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

With over 3500 mosquito species described, accurate species identification of the few implicated in disease transmission is critical to mosquito borne disease mitigation. Yet this task is hindered by limited global taxonomic expertise and specimen damage consistent across common capture methods. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are promising with limited sets of species, but image database requirements restrict practical implementation. Using an image database of 2696 specimens from 67 mosquito species, we address the practical open-set problem with a detection algorithm for novel species. Closed-set classification of 16 known species achieved 97.04 ± 0.87% accuracy independently, and 89.07 ± 5.58% when cascaded with novelty detection. Closed-set classification of 39 species produces a macro F1-score of 86.07 ± 1.81%. This demonstrates an accurate, scalable, and practical computer vision solution to identify wild-caught mosquitoes for implementation in biosurveillance and targeted vector control programs, without the need for extensive image database development for each new target region.

Indexed as

Neural Networks, ComputerAlgorithmsAnimalsCulicidaeDatabases, FactualImage Processing, Computer-AssistedMosquito Vectors

Identifiers

PMID34211009
PMCPMC8249627
OpenAlexW3175995352

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.