ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2021
Immunological mechanisms of vaccine-induced protection against COVID-19 in humans.
Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 376 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
376 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 594 citations in OpenAlex.
- COVID-19 vaccination and clinical outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy in cancer patients: a meta-analysis of real-world studies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the seroconversion rates and adverse effects of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine and COVID-19 viral vector vaccine in kidney transplant recipient patients.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Pooled it
- Clinical characteristics and prognosis of temporary miller fisher syndrome following COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review of case studies.BMC neurology · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Immune thrombocytopenic purpura secondary to COVID-19 vaccination: A systematic review.European journal of haematology · 2023Pooled it
- Knowledge Gaps for Prophylactic Use of Antithrombotic Agents in Patients with COVID-19: Insights into New SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Vaccination Status, and Emerging Oral Antivirals.Thrombosis and haemostasis · 2023Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccination in older adults.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Evaluation of the efficacy, safety and influencing factors of concomitant and sequential administration of viral respiratory infectious disease vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Effectiveness and Safety of COVID-19 Vaccinations: An Umbrella Meta-Analysis.International journal of public health · 2023Pooled it
- Seroconversion rate after COVID-19 vaccination in patients with solid cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Pooled it
- Safety and immunogenicity of PHH-1V booster against SARS-CoV-2 variants, including omicron subvariants: Results from a phase IIb open-label extension study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Effectiveness of Molnupiravir and Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 : A Target Trial Emulation Study.Annals of internal medicine · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Increased risk of corneal transplant rejection following SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination.International ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Pre-vaccine sentinel antibodies predict blunted vaccine responses.Cell press blue · 2026Article
- Vaccination-first immune priming shapes a sustained mRNA vaccine-induced IgG4 class switch that associates with SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection risk.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Pre-Infection COVID-19 Vaccination and Long-Term Cardiovascular Outcomes in Adults Without Preexisting Cardiovascular Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Enhanced Intracellular Stability and Translation Efficiency of mRNA Drugs by a 2-arm mRNA Platform.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
316 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Most COVID-19 vaccines are designed to elicit immune responses, ideally neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Several vaccines, including mRNA, adenoviral-vectored, protein subunit and whole-cell inactivated virus vaccines, have now reported efficacy in phase III trials and have received emergency approval in many countries. The two mRNA vaccines approved to date show efficacy even after only one dose, when non-NAbs and moderate T helper 1 cell responses are detectable, but almost no NAbs. After a single dose, the adenovirus vaccines elicit polyfunctional antibodies that are capable of mediating virus neutralization and of driving other antibody-dependent effector functions, as well as potent T cell responses. These data suggest that protection may require low levels of NAbs and might involve other immune effector mechanisms including non-NAbs, T cells and innate immune mechanisms. Identifying the mechanisms of protection as well as correlates of protection is crucially important to inform further vaccine development and guide the use of licensed COVID-19 vaccines worldwide.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.