ReviewFrontiers in microbiology2021
Long COVID or Post-acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC): An Overview of Biological Factors That May Contribute to Persistent Symptoms.
Review in Frontiers in microbiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06940609 (Magnetic Resonance Analysis of Neural Inflammatory Factors and External Stimulation), which is not on this map. Cited by 550 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Magnetic Resonance Analysis of Neural Inflammatory Factors and External Stimulation (MANIFEST)
Who cites it
550 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 883 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and long-term outcomes of brain fog and cognitive impairment in individuals with long COVID: A systematic review.Medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Risk factors for post-COVID-19 condition among previously hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Global prevalence of post-COVID-19 condition (Long COVID): a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Biomarkers of post-acute infection syndrome: a systematic literature review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Photobiomodulation in the management of persistent olfactory and gustatory dysfunction post-COVID-19: a systematic review.Lasers in medical science · 2025Pooled it
- Blood Biomarkers of Long COVID: A Systematic Review.Molecular diagnosis & therapy · 2024Pooled it
- Personalised Health Behaviour Support Programme in Adults With Post-COVID Syndrome: A Randomised, Controlled Pilot Feasibility Trial.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2024Trial
- Sex-specific patterns of symptom burden, psychological distress, and work productivity impairment in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: a 10-month dynamic cohort study.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2026Article
- Self-Reported Post-COVID-19 Condition and Associated Factors Using Machine Learning Techniques: A Cross-Sectional Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Observational
- Association of oral outpatient antiviral medications for COVID-19 with the risk of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 at 28 and 90 days in a cohort of individuals with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- Glucose metabolism across COVID-19 and long COVID: a longitudinal study.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2026Article
- Cytokine-Driven Hyperinflammation in Long COVID: Mechanisms, Biomarkers, Complement Dysregulation, and Emerging Immunotherapies-A Narrative Review.Health science reports · 2026Article
- β-Cell Dysfunction in COVID-19 and Post-COVID Syndrome: Molecular Mechanisms Linking Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Insulin Secretion.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Long-term angiogenic and thromboinflammatory signatures in post-COVID-19 syndrome.Angiogenesis · 2026Article
- Involvement of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Methamphetamine Augmentation of SARS-CoV-2 N-Protein-Induced Neuroinflammation in Rat Microglial Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Molecular, cellular and network mapping of brain structural deviations in patients with Post-COVID19 syndrome.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Association of Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection with Immune Activation in Virally Suppressed People Living with HIV.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Metformin and Severe Post-COVID-19 Outcomes Among Individuals with Diabetes Mellitus.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- GLP Medications and Severe Post-COVID-19 Outcomes Among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Brain dynamics of attentional, default-mode and limbic networks are disrupted at rest in post-COVID-19 syndrome.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
490 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The novel virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Across the globe, a subset of patients who sustain an acute SARS-CoV-2 infection are developing a wide range of persistent symptoms that do not resolve over the course of many months. These patients are being given the diagnosis Long COVID or Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). It is likely that individual patients with a PASC diagnosis have different underlying biological factors driving their symptoms, none of which are mutually exclusive. This paper details mechanisms by which RNA viruses beyond just SARS-CoV-2 have be connected to long-term health consequences. It also reviews literature on acute COVID-19 and other virus-initiated chronic syndromes such as post-Ebola syndrome or myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) to discuss different scenarios for PASC symptom development. Potential contributors to PASC symptoms include consequences from acute SARS-CoV-2 injury to one or multiple organs, persistent reservoirs of SARS-CoV-2 in certain tissues, re-activation of neurotrophic pathogens such as herpesviruses under conditions of COVID-19 immune dysregulation, SARS-CoV-2 interactions with host microbiome/virome communities, clotting/coagulation issues, dysfunctional brainstem/vagus nerve signaling, ongoing activity of primed immune cells, and autoimmunity due to molecular mimicry between pathogen and host proteins. The individualized nature of PASC symptoms suggests that different therapeutic approaches may be required to best manage care for specific patients with the diagnosis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.