Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34290310›Full record

Observational studyScientific reports2021

Retrospective study of glycemic variability, BMI, and blood pressure in diabetes patients in the Digital Twin Precision Treatment Program.

Paramesh Shamanna, Mala Dharmalingam, Rakesh Sahay, Jahangir Mohammed, Maluk Mohamed, Terrence Poon, Nathan Kleinman, Mohamed Thajudeen

Abstract readObservational Study
In one paragraph

Observational study in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
26citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

26 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Does clinical practice supported by artificial intelligence improve hypertension care management? A pilot systematic review.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2024
    Pooled it
  3. Review
  4. Review
  5. The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for blood pressure control using digital technologies.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2026
    Article
  6. Article
  7. Review
  8. Review
  9. Analysis of digital twin applications in nursing practice and education: a scoping review.Journal of educational evaluation for health professions · 2026
    Article
  10. Review
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. [Application of Digital Nutrition Technologies in Adult Weight Management].Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition · 2025
    Article
  14. Blood pressure variability: a review.Journal of hypertension · 2025
    Review
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Observational
  19. Review
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Paramesh ShamannaTwin Health, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
Mala DharmalingamBangalore Endocrinology & Diabetes Research Centre, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
Rakesh SahayDepartment of Endocrinology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
Jahangir MohammedTwin Health, Mountain View, CA, USA.
Maluk MohamedTwin Health, Mountain View, CA, USA.
Terrence PoonTwin Health, Mountain View, CA, USA.
Nathan KleinmanKleinman Analytic Solutions, LLC., Missouri City, TX, USA. nathan@kleinmansolutions.com.
Mohamed ThajudeenTwin Health, Mountain View, CA, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The objective of this retrospective observational cohort study was to measure glycemic variability and reductions in body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP), and use of antihypertensive medications in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients participating in the digital twin-enabled Twin Precision Treatment (TPT) Program. Study participants included 19 females and 45 males with T2D who chose to participate in the TPT Program and adhered to program protocols. Nine additional enrollees were excluded due to major program non-adherence. Enrollees were required to have adequate hepatic and renal function, no myocardial infarction, stroke, or angina ≤ 90 days before enrollment, and no history of ketoacidosis or major psychiatric disorders. The TPT program uses Digital Twin technology, machine learning algorithms, and precision nutrition to aid treatment of patients with T2D. Each study participant had ≥ 3 months of follow-up. Outcome measures included glucose percentage coefficient of variation (%CV), low blood glucose index (LBGI), high blood glucose index (HBGI), systolic and diastolic BP, number of antihypertensive medications, and BMI. Sixty-four patients participated in the program. Mean (± standard deviation) %CV, LBGI, and HBGI values were low (17.34 ± 4.35, 1.37 ± 1.37, and 2.13 ± 2.79, respectively) throughout the 90-day program. BMI decreased from 29.23 ± 5.83 at baseline to 27.43 ± 5.25 kg/m

Indexed as

Blood GlucoseBlood PressureBody Mass IndexAdultAntihypertensive AgentsDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2FemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansMachine LearningMaleMiddle AgedNutrition TherapyOutcome Assessment, Health CarePrecision MedicineRetrospective StudiesAntihypertensive AgentsBlood Glucose

Identifiers

PMID34290310
PMCPMC8295289

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.