ReviewPLoS pathogens2021
Antibody-independent functions of B cells during viral infections.
Review in PLoS pathogens, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 74 citations in OpenAlex.
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- HIV causes global B cell dysregulation and restricts HBV-specific B cell development in an incident HBV cohort.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Observational
- Activating a B cell immune response regresses immunologically cold tumours.Nature nanotechnology · 2026Article
- B cells help cross-priming antiviral CD8⁺ T cells.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2026Article
- The contributions of TLR2, TLR8 and TLR3 to direct and antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue virus serotype 2 infection.Npj viruses · 2026Article
- Phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide induced innate immune activation is attenuated by tryptophan oxidation products.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Skin Deep: Uncovering the Early Events of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus at the Tick-Host-Virus Interface.Viruses · 2026Review
- mRNA-Encoded Antibodies: An Emerging Paradigm in Antiviral Protection.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Advances in immunotherapy for cytomegalovirus infection following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.Immunotherapy · 2026Review
- Leptin as a Potential Modifier of Neuroinflammation: Contrasting Roles in Alzheimer's Disease and Multiple Sclerosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- B cells in non-lymphoid tissues.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025Review
- MyD88 signalling in B cells and antibody responses during Oropouche virus-induced neurological disease in mice.EBioMedicine · 2025Article
- Endothelial cell-released mitochondrial DNA promotes B cell differentiation and virus replication during severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus infection.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Deciphering Host-Virus Interactions and Advancing Therapeutics for Chronic Viral Infection.Viruses · 2025Review
- Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the male reproductive tract: insights from semen analysis and cryopreservation.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2025Article
- Viral sepsis: diagnosis, clinical features, pathogenesis, and clinical considerations.Military Medical Research · 2024Review
- Bayesian-based analysis of the causality between 731 immune cells and erectile dysfunction: a two-sample, bidirectional, and multivariable Mendelian randomization study.Sexual medicine · 2024Article
- A new perspective on therapies involving B-cell depletion in autoimmune diseases.Molecular biology reports · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The humoral immune response and antibody-mediated functions of B cells during viral infections are well described. However, we have limited understanding of antibody-independent B cell functions, such as cytokine production and antigen presentation, in acute and chronic viral infections and their role in protection and/or immunopathogenesis. Here, we summarize the current literature on these antibody-independent B cell functions and identify remaining knowledge gaps. B cell subsets produce anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can have both beneficial and detrimental effects during viral clearance. As professional antigen presenting cells, B cells also play an important role in immune regulation/shaping of the developing adaptive immune responses. Since B cells primarily express TLR7 and TLR9, we specifically discuss the role of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated B cell responses to viral infections and their role in augmenting adaptive immunity through enhanced cytokine production and antigen presentation. However, viruses have evolved strategies to subvert TLR signaling and additional stimulation via B cell receptor (BCR) may be required to overcome the defective TLR response in B cells. To conclude, antibody-independent B cell functions seem to have an important role in regulating both acute and chronic viral infections and may form the basis for novel therapeutic approaches in treatment of viral infections in the future.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.