ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
Hidden Role of Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Schizophrenia: Antipsychotics or Psychobiotics as Therapeutics?
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 96 citations in OpenAlex.
- The efficacy of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2025Pooled it
- The current state of research for psychobiotics use in the management of psychiatric disorders-A systematic literature review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Gut Microbiome Dysregulation Across Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Bacteria-, Fungi- and Virome-Level Alterations with Molecular and Immunological Implications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Can the Posterior Segment Findings of the Eye and Serum Microbiota Metabolites Be a Biomarker in Schizophrenia?Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Effects of fecal microbiota transplantation on the abundance and diversity of selected fungal and archaeal species in the gut microbiota in the rat model of schizophrenia.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2025Article
- Integrative evidence for causal links between gut microbiota and Schizophrenia: A Mendelian randomization and 16S rRNA study.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- Gut bacteria-derived metabolites and their implications in mental health and neurological diseases.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2025Review
- Microbiome Gut-Brain-Axis: Impact on Brain Development and Mental Health.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Pharmacological modulation of the gut-brain axis: psychobiotics in focus for depression therapy.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis: Implications for the Links Between Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Neuropsychiatric Disorders.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Review
- Unraveling the Gut-Liver-Brain Axis: Microbiome, Inflammation, and Emerging Therapeutic Approaches.Mediators of inflammation · 2025Review
- Decoding the Molecular Mechanisms of miRNAs: Protein Interactions in Schizophrenia Pathogenesis.Current protein & peptide science · 2025Review
- Review
- The Gut Microbiota's Role in Neurological, Psychiatric, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders.Nutrients · 2024Review
- What Remains to Be Discovered in Schizophrenia Therapeutics: Contributions by Advancing the Molecular Mechanisms of Drugs for Psychosis and Schizophrenia.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- Review
- The Potential Role of the Ketogenic Diet in Serious Mental Illness: Current Evidence, Safety, and Practical Advice.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Neuroinflammation and Schizophrenia: New Therapeutic Strategies through Psychobiotics, Nanotechnology, and Artificial Intelligence (AI).Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Review
- Establishing associated risk factors, including fungal and parasitic infections among Malaysians living with schizophrenia.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Importance of good hosting: reviewing the bi-directionality of the microbiome-gut-brain-axis.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic, heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder that has complex symptoms and uncertain etiology. Mounting evidence indicates the involvement of genetics and epigenetic disturbances, alteration in gut microbiome, immune system abnormalities, and environmental influence in the disease, but a single root cause and mechanism involved has yet to be conclusively determined. Consequently, the identification of diagnostic markers and the development of psychotic drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia faces a high failure rate. This article surveys the etiology of schizophrenia with a particular focus on gut microbiota regulation and the microbial signaling system that correlates with the brain through the vagus nerve, enteric nervous system, immune system, and production of postbiotics. Gut microbially produced molecules may lay the groundwork for further investigations into the role of gut microbiota dysbiosis and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Current treatment of schizophrenia is limited to psychotherapy and antipsychotic drugs that have significant side effects. Therefore, alternative therapeutic options merit exploration. The use of psychobiotics alone or in combination with antipsychotics may promote the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In view of the individual gut microbiome structure and personalized response to antipsychotic drugs, a tailored and targeted manipulation of gut microbial diversity naturally by novel prebiotics (non-digestible fiber) may be a successful alternative therapeutic for the treatment of schizophrenia patients.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.