ReviewBMC public health2021
Development and psychometric testing of the 'barriers to physical activity during pregnancy scale' (BPAPS).
Review in BMC public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the Barriers to Physical Activity during Pregnancy Scale (BPAPS) in pregnant women.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Evaluating the barriers to physical activity during pregnancy: a sequential explanatory mixed-methods study.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2026Article
- Barriers to physical activity among pregnant women in China: a mixed methods study based on the COM-B model and the theoretical domains framework.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Barriers to Physical Activity During Pregnancy and Postpartum-A Narrative Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Pre-exposure prophylaxis in Guyana: linking key populations and other vulnerable groups.IJID regions · 2026Article
- Recommendations for Lifestyle Physical Activity and Exercise During the Perinatal Period: A Narrative Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Three distinct profiles of barriers to physical activity during pregnancy among Chinese women: a latent profile analysis.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the "Brief Scale of Perceived Barriers to Physical Activity for Children": Analysis of Psychometric Properties.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Development and validation of the Chinese version of the adult sedentary behavior reduction intention questionnaire based on the theory of planned behavior.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Barriers and Facilitators of Physical Activity in Pregnancy and Postpartum Among Iranian Women: A Scoping Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Barriers, attitudes and perceptions to physical activity among pregnant women in Ibadan, Nigeria and the associated factors: a mixed method study.Reproductive health · 2024Article
- Perceived benefits and barriers to exercise and associated factors among Zimbabwean undergraduate students: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2024Article
- Attitudes and Barriers to Physical Activity and Exercise Self-Efficacy Among Chinese Pregnant Women: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2023Article
- Barriers to physical activity in pregnant women living in Iran and its predictors: a cross sectional study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2022Article
- Exploring the intensity, barriers and correlates of physical activity In Iranian pregnant women: a cross-sectional study.BMJ open sport & exercise medicine · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPregnancy can affect the amount of physical activity that women engage in, so ensuring adequate physical activity in pregnant women can be a challenge. Therefore, there is a need to explore and identify barriers to physical activity in this population. Consequently, this study was conducted in order to develop and validate a scale to assess barriers to physical activity in pregnant populations.
methodsThe study was conducted in two phases. During phase 1, a comprehensive review of the most relevant literature from electronic databases on barriers to physical activity was carried out and appropriate scale items were extracted using a deductive approach. During phase 2, the psychometric properties of the extracted scale items were determined using face, content and construct validity, internal consistency and stability. Qualitative and quantitative face validity was assessed via face-to-face interviews with 30 and 10 pregnant women, respectively. To confirm the qualitative and quantitative content validity, 10 experts in the field of research and instrument design were invited to complete the resulting scale. To assess construct validity, the scale items were further tested among 320 pregnant women attending perinatal clinics at health centers in Ilam, Iran, where data were collected via continuous sampling. The internal consistency and stability of the study were measured by Cronbach's alpha and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), respectively.
resultsFollowing a review of the relevant literature, 48 items for the BPAPS were extracted. Subsequent to the assessment of face and content validity, the number of items was reduced to 38. Through a subsequent exploratory factor analysis, the number of items dropped further to 29. These items were then structured under four major factors. Finally, the internal consistency and stability of the scale was confirmed by a Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.824 and a test-retest reliability score of 0.87.
conclusionFindings show that the 29-item scale to assess barriers to physical activity in pregnant populations is a valid and appropriate instrument.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.