ReviewJournal of obesity2021
Structural Brain Changes Associated with Overweight and Obesity.
Review in Journal of obesity, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 122 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
122 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Altered cortical thickness in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients revealed by coordinate-based meta-analysis.BMC endocrine disorders · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of exercise on cognitive performance and ERP (P3, N2) in overweight and obese populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence of sarcopenic obesity in the older non-hospitalized population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC geriatrics · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Vascular risk factors for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Pooled it
- Genetic Variation in Response to the Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND): A Randomized Controlled Trial.Nutrients · 2026Trial
- Effects of Zinc Supplementation on Inflammatory and Cognitive Parameters in Middle-Aged Women with Overweight or Obesity.Nutrients · 2023Trial
- Associations between maternal adiposity during pregnancy and neonatal brain cortical development.NeuroImage · 2026Article
- Effects of obesity on brain health and cognition.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2026Review
- Adipose Tissue-Central Nervous System Axis in Obesity: Molecular Mechanisms, Inflammation, and Nutritional and Technological Implications.Metabolites · 2026Review
- BMI-genome interactions regulate global gene expression with emphasis in brain and gut.Cell genomics · 2026Article
- Deciphering the causal influence of BMI and related metabolic, inflammatory, and cardiovascular factors on brain structure: a Mendelian Randomization Study.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- The role of metabolic health in neurostructural and cognitive alterations in bipolar disorders.Psychological medicine · 2026Article
- Prefrontal Cortex Dysregulation of Amino Acid-Glucose Homeostasis Links High-Fat and/or High-Fructose Intake to Cognitive Deficits in Male Mice.Neurochemical research · 2026Article
- Metabolic, demographic, and behavioral risk factors predict brain structural variability in the general population: an analysis of the human connectome project young adults.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Article
- Bidirectional Causal Relationships Between Obesity and Executive Function in Children and Adolescents: A Genetic Instrumental Variable Analysis.Developmental science · 2026Article
- Article
- The alteration of brain function in overweight/obese individuals and the neurological benefit of thymoquinone: uncovering molecular mechanisms.Metabolic brain disease · 2026Review
- Obesity-induced cognitive impairment: Underlying mechanisms and therapeutic prospects.Metabolism open · 2026Review
- Differential Methylation by Early Life Adversity in the Future of Families Child Wellbeing Study.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
62 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Obesity is a global health problem with a broad set of comorbidities, such as malnutrition, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, systemic hypertension, heart failure, and kidney failure. This review describes recent findings of neuroimaging and two studies of cell density regarding the roles of overnutrition-induced hypothalamic inflammation in neurodegeneration. These studies provided consistent evidence of smaller cortical thickness or reduction in the gray matter volume in people with overweight and obesity; however, the investigated brain regions varied across the studies. In general, bilateral frontal and temporal areas, basal nuclei, and cerebellum are more commonly involved. Mechanisms of volume reduction are unknown, and neuroinflammation caused by obesity is likely to induce neuronal loss. Adipocytes, macrophages of the adipose tissue, and gut dysbiosis in overweight and obese individuals result in the secretion of the cytokines and chemokines that cross the blood-brain barrier and may stimulate microglia, which in turn also release proinflammatory cytokines. This leads to chronic low-grade neuroinflammation and may be an important factor for apoptotic signaling and neuronal death. Additionally, significant microangiopathy observed in rat models may be another important mechanism of induction of apoptosis. Neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases) may be similar to that in metabolic diseases induced by malnutrition. Poor cognitive performance, mainly in executive functions, in individuals with obesity is also discussed. This review highlights the neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative mechanisms linked to obesity and emphasizes the importance of developing effective prevention and treatment intervention strategies for overweight and obese individuals.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.