ArticleIntegrative organismal biology (Oxford, England)2021
Exceptional Changes in Skeletal Anatomy under Domestication: The Case of Brachycephaly.
Article in Integrative organismal biology (Oxford, England), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- Morphological study of the supratrochlear foramen in Canis lupus ssp.Journal of anatomy · 2026Article
- Advancing evidence-informed practice in modern zoos: research priorities for animal welfare, conservation, and social legitimacy.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Review
- Risk assessment for canine periodontal disease using a hybrid causal Bayesian network.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Copy-cat evolution: Divergence and convergence within and between cat and dog breeds.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Impact of an Educational Intervention on Public Perception of Health Problems in Brachycephalic Dogs.Veterinary medicine and science · 2025Article
- Two species, two stories: divergent morphometric evolution of sheep and goats over the last 8000 years.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025Article
- Premature closure of the caudal calvarial midline suture is associated with scaphocephaly and ventriculomegaly in Boxer dogs.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Genome-wide selection analysis identifies genes associated with mandibular defects in Duolang sheep.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Craniocervical Morphometry in Pomeranians-Part II: Associations with Chiari-like Malformation and Syringomyelia.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Cranial form differences in goats by breed and domestic status.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- CSF flow measurement in the mesencephalic aqueduct using 2D cine phase-contrast MRI in dogs with communicating internal hydrocephalus, ventriculomegaly, and physiologic ventricular spaces.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- CT-based and manual external skull measurements for Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia in Pomeranians.PloS one · 2024Article
- Evaluation of the Submaximal Treadmill-Based Fitness Test in Six Brachycephalic Breeds-A Follow-Up Study.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Genome sequencing of 2000 canids by the Dog10K consortium advances the understanding of demography, genome function and architecture.Genome biology · 2023Article
- Evolutionary mechanisms modulating the mammalian skull development.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2023Review
- Emulative learning of a two-step task in free-ranging domestic pigs.Animal cognition · 2023Article
- Flat-Faced or Non-Flat-Faced Cats? That Is the Question.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Differences in selected blood parameters between brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic dogs.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Article
- Phenotypic characterization of Pomeranians with or without Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Article
- That brachycephalic look: Infant-like facial appearance in short-muzzled dog breeds.Animal welfare (South Mimms, England) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issuedErratum.2021
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
"Brachycephaly" is generally considered a phenotype in which the facial part of the head is pronouncedly shortened. While brachycephaly is characteristic for some domestic varieties and breeds (e.g., Bulldog, Persian cat, Niata cattle, Anglo-Nubian goat, Middle White pig), this phenotype can also be considered pathological. Despite the superficially similar appearance of "brachycephaly" in such varieties and breeds, closer examination reveals that "brachycephaly" includes a variety of different cranial modifications with likely different genetic and developmental underpinnings and related with specific breed histories. We review the various definitions and characteristics associated with brachycephaly in different domesticated species. We discern different types of brachycephaly ("bulldog-type," "katantognathic," and "allometric" brachycephaly) and discuss morphological conditions related to brachycephaly, including diseases (e.g., brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome). Further, we examine the complex underlying genetic and developmental processes and the culturally and developmentally related reasons why brachycephalic varieties may or may not be prevalent in certain domesticated species. Knowledge on patterns and mechanisms associated with brachycephaly is relevant for domestication research, veterinary and human medicine, as well as evolutionary biology, and highlights the profound influence of artificial selection by humans on animal morphology, evolution, and welfare.
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.