Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34413662›Full record

ReviewDiabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy2021

A Review of Current Trends with Type 2 Diabetes Epidemiology, Aetiology, Pathogenesis, Treatments and Future Perspectives.

Josh Reed, Stephen Bain, Venkateswarlu Kanamarlapudi

Erratum issuedOpen access · goldAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 197 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
197citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
39.2field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

197 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 407 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  10. Flavonoids fromJournal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry · 2026
    Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. QBP1 Peptide as a Potential Anti-Amyloidogenic Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes: An In Vitro Study.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
    Article
  14. Article
  15. Experiences of Nature Through Immersive Virtual Reality Among People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026
    Article
  16. Article
  17. Optimizing Type 2 Diabetes Management in Iraq: Expert Consensus on Initiation and Intensification of Insulin-Based Treatment Options.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2026
    Review
  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. Article

137 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Josh ReedInstitute of Life Science 1, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-1835-8225
Stephen BainInstitute of Life Science 1, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-8519-4964
Venkateswarlu KanamarlapudiInstitute of Life Science 1, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-8739-1483
Swansea University · GB

Funding

Medical Research Council G0401232
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes (T2D), which has currently become a global pandemic, is a metabolic disease largely characterised by impaired insulin secretion and action. Significant progress has been made in understanding T2D aetiology and pathogenesis, which is discussed in this review. Extrapancreatic pathology is also summarised, which demonstrates the highly multifactorial nature of T2D. Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 is an incretin hormone responsible for augmenting insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells during the postprandial period. Given that native GLP-1 has a very short half-life, GLP-1 mimetics with a much longer half-life have been developed, which are currently an effective treatment option for T2D by enhancing insulin secretion in patients. Interestingly, there is continual emerging evidence that these therapies alleviate some of the post-diagnosis complications of T2D. Additionally, these therapies have been shown to induce weight loss in patients, suggesting they could be an alternative to bariatric surgery, a procedure associated with numerous complications. Current GLP-1-based therapies all act as orthosteric agonists for the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R). Interestingly, it has emerged that GLP-1R also has allosteric binding sites and agonists have been developed for these sites to test their therapeutic potential. Recent studies have also demonstrated the potential of bi- and tri-agonists, which target multiple hormonal receptors including GLP-1R, to more effectively treat T2D. Improved understanding of T2D aetiology/pathogenesis, coupled with the further elucidation of both GLP-1 activity/targets and GLP-1R mechanisms of activation via different agonists, will likely provide better insight into the therapeutic potential of GLP-1-based therapies to treat T2D.

Indexed as

diabesityGLP-1GLP-1Rincretin effectinsulinmetabolic homeostasis

Identifiers

PMID34413662
PMCPMC8369920
OpenAlexW3191601669

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.