Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34429233›Full record

ArticleVaccine2022

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine introduction in Sikkim state: Best practices from the first statewide multiple-age cohort HPV vaccine introduction in India-2018-2019.

Danish Ahmed, Kristin VanderEnde, Pauline Harvey, Pankaj Bhatnagar, Nitasha Kaur, Subhendu Roy, Neelam Singh, Phumzay Denzongpa, Pradeep Haldar, Anagha Loharikar

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In one paragraph

Article in Vaccine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
28citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

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  14. IAPSM's Position Paper on the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Vaccine for Adult Immunization in India.Indian journal of community medicine : official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine · 2024
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Danish AhmedWorld Health Organization Country Office for India, Delhi, India. Electronic address: ahmedd@who.int.
Kristin VanderEndeWorld Health Organization Country Office for India, Delhi, India.
Pauline HarveyWorld Health Organization Country Office for India, Delhi, India.
Pankaj BhatnagarWorld Health Organization Country Office for India, Delhi, India.
Nitasha KaurWorld Health Organization Country Office for India, Delhi, India.
Subhendu RoyWorld Health Organization Country Office for India, Delhi, India.
Neelam SinghWorld Health Organization Country Office for India, Delhi, India.
Phumzay DenzongpaHealth and Family Welfare Department, Government of Sikkim, Gangtok, India.
Pradeep HaldarMinistry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, India.
Anagha LoharikarUnited States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States. Electronic address: aloharikar@cdc.gov.

Funding

Intramural CDC HHS CC999999World Health Organization 001
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundCervical cancer is a leading cause of cancer-associated mortality among women in India, with 96,922 new cases and 60,078 deaths each year, almost one-fifth of the global burden. In 2018, Sikkim state in India introduced human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine for 9-13-year-old girls, primarily through school-based vaccination, targeting approximately 25,000 girls. We documented the program's decision-making and implementation processes.

methodsWe conducted a post-introduction evaluation in 2019, concurrent with the second dose campaign, by interviewing key stakeholders (state, district, and local level), reviewing planning documents, and observing cold chain sites in two purposefully-sampled community areas in each of the four districts of Sikkim. Using standard questionnaires, we interviewed health and education officials, school personnel, health workers, community leaders, and age-eligible girls on program decision-making, planning, training, vaccine delivery, logistics, and communication.

resultsWe conducted 279 interviews and 29 observations in eight community areas across four districts of Sikkim. Based on reported administrative data, Sikkim achieved >95% HPV vaccination coverage among targeted girls for both doses via two campaigns; no severe adverse events were reported. HPV vaccination was well accepted by all stakeholders; minimal refusal was reported. Factors identified for successful vaccine introduction included strong political commitment, statewide mandatory school enrollment, collaboration between health and education departments at all levels, and robust social mobilization strategies.

conclusionsSikkim successfully introduced the HPV vaccine to multiple-age cohorts of girls via school-based vaccination, demonstrating a model that could be replicated in other regions in India or similar low- and middle-income country settings.

Indexed as

AlphapapillomavirusPapillomavirus InfectionsPapillomavirus VaccinesUterine Cervical NeoplasmsAdolescentChildFemaleHumansImmunization ProgramsIndiaPapillomaviridaeSikkimVaccinationPapillomavirus VaccinesCervical cancerHPV vaccineSchool-based vaccinationSikkimVaccine introduction

Identifiers

PMID34429233
PMCPMC10874777

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.