SynthesisBMJ open2021
Factors influencing the effectiveness of remote patient monitoring interventions: a realist review.
Synthesis in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 76 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Telehealth-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation for Heart Failure: A Systematic Review of Effectiveness, Access, and Patient-Centred Outcome.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Pooled it
- The Effectiveness of Nurse-Led Telecare Consultations Among Patients Who Have Experienced a Stroke: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of Remote Patient Monitoring on Health Care Utilization in Patients With Noncommunicable Diseases: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2025Pooled it
- A realist review of factors critical for the implementation of eHealth in chronic disease management.BMC health services research · 2025Pooled it
- The role of cardiac acoustic biomarkers in monitoring patients with heart failure: A systematic literature review.ESC heart failure · 2025Pooled it
- Patient and Staff Experience of Remote Patient Monitoring-What to Measure and How: Systematic Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2024Pooled it
- mHealth-based exercise vs. traditional exercise on pain, functional disability, and quality of life in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in physiology · 2024Pooled it
- Economic evaluation and costs of remote patient monitoring for cardiovascular disease in the United States: a systematic review.International journal of technology assessment in health care · 2023Pooled it
- A Remote Patient Monitoring System With Feedback Mechanisms Using a Smartwatch: Concept, Implementation, and Evaluation Based on the activeDCM Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2024Trial
- Pragmatic randomized controlled trial comparing a complex telemedicine-based intervention with usual care in patients with chronic conditions.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2024Trial
- Evaluation of a Primary Care-Integrated Mobile Health Intervention to Monitor between-Visit Asthma Symptoms.Applied clinical informatics · 2024Trial
- Experiences with telemedicine-based follow-up of chronic conditions: the views of patients and health personnel enrolled in a pragmatic randomized controlled trial.BMC health services research · 2024Trial
- Patients' and GPs' views and expectations of home monitoring with a pulse oximeter: a mixed-methods process evaluation of a pilot randomised controlled trial.The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2023Trial
- Nurses' Experiences With Remote Paediatric Patient Asthma Care to Inform Enhanced Implementation: A Descriptive Qualitative Study.Journal of clinical nursing · 2026Article
- A Scoping Review of Methods for Extrapolating Costs and Effects in Economic Evaluations of Remote Monitoring.PharmacoEconomics - open · 2026Review
- Program cost and return on investment analysis of remote patient monitoring for hypertension management in the cardiology department of a large healthcare system.Journal of telemedicine and telecare · 2026Article
- Advancing Neurorehabilitation and Recovery Through Human Movement Quantification via Wearable Sensing.Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · 2026Article
- Wearable Technologies for Diabetic Foot Ulcer Monitoring and Risk Prediction: Systematic Review.JMIR diabetes · 2026Review
- Design and development of a disease-agnostic remote patient monitoring typology and associated tools.PLOS digital health · 2026Article
- Implementation of a pragmatic pathway to ensure high-quality processing of heterogeneous remote health sensing data.Smart health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesOur recent systematic review determined that remote patient monitoring (RPM) interventions can reduce acute care use. However, effectiveness varied within and between populations. Clinicians, researchers, and policymakers require more than evidence of effect; they need guidance on how best to design and implement RPM interventions. Therefore, this study aimed to explore these results further to (1) identify factors of RPM interventions that relate to increased and decreased acute care use and (2) develop recommendations for future RPM interventions.
designRealist review-a qualitative systematic review method which aims to identify and explain why intervention results vary in different situations. We analysed secondarily 91 studies included in our previous systematic review that reported on RPM interventions and the impact on acute care use. Online databases PubMed, EMBASE and CINAHL were searched in October 2020. Included studies were published in English during 2015-2020 and used RPM to monitor an individual's biometric data (eg, heart rate, blood pressure) from a distance. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Contextual factors and potential mechanisms that led to variation in acute care use (hospitalisations, length of stay or emergency department presentations).
resultsAcross a range of RPM interventions 31 factors emerged that impact the effectiveness of RPM innovations on acute care use. These were synthesised into six theories of intervention success: (1) targeting populations at high risk; (2) accurately detecting a decline in health; (3) providing responsive and timely care; (4) personalising care; (5) enhancing self-management, and (6) ensuring collaborative and coordinated care.
conclusionWhile RPM interventions are complex, if they are designed with patients, providers and the implementation setting in mind and incorporate the key variables identified within this review, it is more likely that they will be effective at reducing acute hospital events. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42020142523.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.