ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
Reviewing the Significance of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in Multiple Sclerosis Pathology and Treatment.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 86 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
86 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 145 citations in OpenAlex.
- Associations between chronic active lesions and clinical outcomes in multiple sclerosis: A systematic literature review.Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy · 2025Pooled it
- The Role of Selected Interleukins in the Development and Progression of Multiple Sclerosis-A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Article
- CD44 as a Conserved Biomarker and Functional Modulator of Neuroinflammation in Multiple Sclerosis and Beyond.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- A Age Related Vascular Senescence: Mystery of Blood-brain Barrier Dysfunction in Neurodegeneration.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Demyelinating disorders in women: epidemiology, immunology, and clinical implications across MS, NMOSD, and MOGAD.Journal of neurology · 2026Review
- Pathology-directed drug delivery strategies: How to overcome blood-brain barrier for the treatment of brain diseases.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- The MMP-9/TIMP-1 Ratio and Concentrations of Osteopontin Are Elevated in Cerebrospinal Fluid of People With Multiple Sclerosis and Decrease After Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- Chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI for neurodegenerative diseases: An update on clinical and preclinical studies.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- A Comparative Study of Clinical and Demographic Profiles of Multiple Sclerosis Patients in Two Regional Centers in Denmark and Romania.Neurology international · 2026Article
- NX210c Demonstrates Therapeutic Potential to Restore Blood-Brain Barrier in a QSP Model of Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Targeted Drug Delivery in Animal Models of Demyelination: The Role of Plant-Based Nanoparticles with a Focus on Multiple Sclerosis.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Blood-brain barrier integrity disruption linked to brain lesions and relapse prediction in Southern Chinese anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Article
- Neurovascular dysfunction in the development and progression of neuroinflammatory diseases.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Review
- Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles as immunomodulatory agents: targeting pathological crosstalk in systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Natural flavonoids in multiple sclerosis: molecular insights and emerging therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- CANDID-CNS: AI Unlocks Stereochemistry and Beyond Rule of 5 to Predict CNS Penetration of Small Molecules.Journal of chemical information and modeling · 2025Article
- The impact of high-sugar diets on central nervous system disorders: mechanisms, pathogenesis, and dietary implication.Annals of medicine · 2025Review
- Role of isoflavones in multiple sclerosis.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2025Review
- Dysbiosis and Therapeutic Modulation of the Gut Microbiota in Multiple Sclerosis: A Narrative Review.Health science reports · 2025Article
26 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) for multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis has a double effect: early on during the onset of the immune attack and later for the CNS self-sustained 'inside-out' demyelination and neurodegeneration processes. This review presents the characteristics of BBB malfunction in MS but mostly highlights current developments regarding the impairment of the neurovascular unit (NVU) and the metabolic and mitochondrial dysfunctions of the BBB's endothelial cells. The hypoxic hypothesis is largely studied and agreed upon recently in the pathologic processes in MS. Hypoxia in MS might be produced per se by the NVU malfunction or secondary to mitochondria dysfunction. We present three different but related terms that denominate the ongoing neurodegenerative process in progressive forms of MS that are indirectly related to BBB disruption: progression independent of relapses, no evidence of disease activity and smoldering demyelination or silent progression. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), modulators of S1P receptor, cladribine and laquinimode are DMTs that are able to cross the BBB and exhibit beneficial direct effects in the CNS with very different mechanisms of action, providing hope that a combined therapy might be effective in treating MS. Detailed mechanisms of action of these DMTs are described and also illustrated in dedicated images. With increasing knowledge about the involvement of BBB in MS pathology, BBB might become a therapeutic target in MS not only to make it impenetrable against activated immune cells but also to allow molecules that have a neuroprotective effect in reaching the cell target inside the CNS.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.