Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34465443›Full record

Trial reportJournal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics2022

Influence of the San Francisco, CA, Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Health Warning on Consumer Reactions: Implications for Equity from a Randomized Experiment.

Anna H Grummon, Alexandria E Reimold, Marissa G Hall

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
12citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Trial
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  7. Article
  8. Commercial Determinants of Latinx Health: A Scoping Review of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages in the USA.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026
    Article
  9. Article
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  12. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Anna H GrummonHarvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA; Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA. Electronic address: agrummon@hsph.harvard.edu.
Alexandria E ReimoldDepartment of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA.
Marissa G HallDepartment of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

Funding

Designing and Evaluating High-Impact Pictorial Health Warnings for Food ProductsK01HL147713 · NHLBI · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI HALL, MARISSA · 2019 to 2023
$738k
NHLBI NIH HHS K01 HL147713
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundIn 2020, San Francisco, CA, amended an ordinance requiring warning labels on advertisements for sugary drinks to update the warning message. No studies have evaluated consumer responses to the revised message.

objectivesTo evaluate responses to the 2020 San Francisco sugary drink warning label and to assess whether these responses differ by demographic characteristics.

designRandomized experiment. PARTICIPANTS AND

settingDuring 2020, a convenience sample of US parents of children aged 6 months to 5 years (N = 2,160 included in primary analyses) was recruited via an online panel to complete a survey. Oversampling was used to achieve a diverse sample (49% Hispanic/Latino[a], 34% non-Hispanic Black, and 9% non-Hispanic White).

methodsParticipants were randomly assigned to view a control label ("Always read the Nutrition Facts Panel") or the 2020 San Francisco sugary drink warning label ("SAN FRANCISCO GOVERNMENT WARNING: Drinking beverages with added sugar(s) can cause weight gain, which increases the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes."). Messages were shown in white text on black rectangular labels.

main outcome measuresParticipants rated the labels on thinking about health harms of sugary drink consumption (primary outcome) and perceived discouragement from wanting to consume sugary drinks. The survey was available in English and Spanish. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Ordinary least squares regression.

resultsThe San Francisco warning label elicited more thinking about health harms (Cohen's d = 0.24; P < 0.001) than the control label. The San Francisco warning label also led to more discouragement from wanting to consume sugary drinks than the control label (d = 0.31; P < 0.001). The warning label's influence on thinking about harms did not differ by any participant characteristics, including age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, income, or language of survey administration (all P values for interactions > 0.12).

conclusionsSan Francisco's 2020 sugary drink warning label may be a promising policy for informing consumers and encouraging healthier beverage choices across groups with diverse demographic characteristics.

Indexed as

Consumer BehaviorDrinking BehaviorFood LabelingHealth BehaviorSugar-Sweetened BeveragesAdolescentAdultDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2FemaleFood AssistanceHumansLeast-Squares AnalysisMaleMiddle AgedObesityParentsPolicyRandomized experimentSugar-sweetened beveragesSugary drinksWarnings

Identifiers

PMID34465443
PMCPMC9127741

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
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Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.