ArticleThe veterinary quarterly2021
Clinical characteristics of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) cases in Asian elephants (
Article in The veterinary quarterly, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- First evidence of clinical protection from an EEHV1A mRNA vaccine in naturally infected juvenile elephants.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Neutrophil extracellular traps offer a new therapeutic target for elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus-hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD).Communications biology · 2026Article
- Article
- Long-term biochemical stability of fresh-frozen plasma from Asian elephants (Veterinary world · 2026Article
- Classification of Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized Asian Elephants Using Machine Learning and Survival Analysis: A Retrospective Study (2019-2024).Veterinary sciences · 2025Article
- A duplex real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for simultaneous detection of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus types 1 and 5.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Time-series analysis for forecasting monthly workload at two elephant hospitals in Thailand.PloS one · 2025Article
- Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus gB-specific antibody levels in sera of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in Japanese zoos.The Journal of veterinary medical science · 2024Article
- Characterizations of Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus Type 1A and 4 Co-Infections in Asian Elephant (Veterinary sciences · 2024Article
- Article
- Measures of Oxidative Status Markers in Relation to Age, Sex, and Season in Sick and Healthy Captive Asian Elephants in Thailand.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Seasonal patterns of oxidative stress markers in captive Asian elephants in Thailand and relationships to elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus shedding.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Article
- Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus 4 andAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundElephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus causes a hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) that is a major cause of death in juvenile Asian elephants with EEHV1 and EEHV4 being the most prevalent.
aimTo perform a retrospective clinical data analysis.
methodsRecords of a total of 103 cases in Thailand confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on blood and/or tissue samples.
resultsThe severity of clinical signs varied among EEHV subtypes. EEHV1A was the most prevalent with 58%, followed by EEHV4 with 34%, EEHV1B with 5.8% and EEHV1&4 co-infection with 1.9%. Overall case fatality rate was 66%. When compared among subtypes, 100% case fatality rate was associated with EEHV1&4 co-infection, 83% with EEHV1B, 75% with EEHV1A, and the lowest at 40% for EEHV4. Calves 2- to 4-year old were in the highest age risk group and exhibited more severe clinical signs with the highest mortality. Majority of cases were found in weaned or trained claves and higher number of cases were observed in rainy season. A gender predilection could not be demonstrated. Severely affected elephants presented with thrombocytopenia, depletion of monocytes, lymphocytes and heterophils, a monocyte:heterophil (M:H) ratio lower than 2.37, hypoproteinemia (both albumin and globulin), severe grade of heterophil toxicity, and low red blood cell counts and pack cell volumes. Survival was not affected by antiviral drug treatment in the severely compromised animals.
conclusionEarly detection by laboratory testing and aggressive application of therapies comprising of supportive and anti-viral treatment can improve survival outcomes of this disease.
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