ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
COVID-19 Immunobiology: Lessons Learned, New Questions Arise.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- The upside of epilepsy: Theories of an evolutionary paradox.Epilepsia open · 2025Review
- An expanded view of disease continuum centered on rheumatoid arthritis: from single to systemic perspectives.Frontiers of medicine · 2025Article
- APOE genotype confers context-dependent neurovascular vulnerability in immune-vascularized human forebrain organoids.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Longitudinal immune profiling uncovers regulatory T cell signatures associated with the progression of COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Transient erythroblastopenia of childhood after COVID-19 infection: a case report.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2024Article
- Article
- Multisystemic Inflammatory Syndrome Temporally Associated with COVID-19 in a Regional Pediatric Hospital from México.Pediatric reports · 2023Article
- Dexamethasone Modulates the Cytokine Response but Not COVID-19-Induced Coagulopathy in Critically Ill.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- COVID-19 and cellular senescence.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2023Review
- Outcome of COVID-19 infection in people with diabetes mellitus or obesity in the primary care setting in Catalonia, Spain: A retrospective cohort study of the initial three waves.Primary care diabetes · 2023Article
- Fewer COVID-19 Neurological Complications with Dexamethasone and Remdesivir.Annals of neurology · 2023Article
- Add fuel to the fire: Inflammation and immune response in lung cancer combined with COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Next-generation proteomics of serum extracellular vesicles combined with single-cell RNA sequencing identifies MACROH2A1 associated with refractory COVID-19.Inflammation and regeneration · 2022Article
- Intrinsic Kidney Pathology in Children and Adolescents Following COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Combined administration of inhaled DNase, baricitinib and tocilizumab as rescue treatment in COVID-19 patients with severe respiratory failure.Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) · 2022Article
- SARS-CoV-2 and human retroelements: a case for molecular mimicry?BMC genomic data · 2022Article
- The Role of Diabetes and Hyperglycemia on COVID-19 Infection Course-A Narrative Review.Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare · 2022Review
- Hypertonic Solution in Severe COVID-19 Patient: A Potential Adjuvant Therapy.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Review
- Glutathione deficiency in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its effects upon the host immune response in severe COVID-19 disease.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
- Mindfulness Meditation Interventions for Long COVID: Biobehavioral Gene Expression and Neuroimmune Functioning.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
There is strong evidence that COVID-19 pathophysiology is mainly driven by a spatiotemporal immune deregulation. Both its phenotypic heterogeneity, spanning from asymptomatic to severe disease/death, and its associated mortality, are dictated by and linked to maladaptive innate and adaptive immune responses against SARS-CoV-2, the etiologic factor of the disease. Deregulated interferon and cytokine responses, with the contribution of immune and cellular stress-response mediators (like cellular senescence or uncontrolled inflammatory cell death), result in innate and adaptive immune system malfunction, endothelial activation and inflammation (endothelitis), as well as immunothrombosis (with enhanced platelet activation, NET production/release and complement hyper-activation). All these factors play key roles in the development of severe COVID-19. Interestingly, another consequence of this immune deregulation, is the production of autoantibodies and the subsequent development of autoimmune phenomena observed in some COVID-19 patients with severe disease. These new aspects of the disease that are now emerging (like autoimmunity and cellular senescence), could offer us new opportunities in the field of disease prevention and treatment. Simultaneously, lessons already learned from the immunobiology of COVID-19 could offer new insights, not only for this disease, but also for a variety of chronic inflammatory responses observed in autoimmune and (auto)inflammatory diseases.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.