Observational studyJournal for immunotherapy of cancer2021
Risk of tuberculosis in patients with cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a nationwide observational study.
Observational study in Journal for immunotherapy of cancer, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tuberculosis Preceding Lung Cancer: A Contemporary Meta-Analysis Revealing a Critical Gap in Post-2020 Evidence.Cancers · 2026Review
- Sustained regression of a tislelizumab-reactivated tuberculous focus after short-course therapy: a case report.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Immunotherapy for Melanoma in Patients with Altered Immune Systems: Unique Challenges and Clinical Considerations.Advances in therapy · 2026Review
- Case Report: PD-1/CTLA-4 dual checkpoint blockade(QL1706) in advanced pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma complicated by multidrug-resistant tuberculosis after multiple lines of immunotherapy.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- A Tale of Two Diagnoses: Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Metastatic Lung Adenocarcinoma in a High-Risk Host.Cureus · 2026Article
- Meta-analysis of tuberculosis incidence and risk in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Factors Associated with Active Tuberculosis Disease in Patients with Lung Cancer Following Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy: A Retrospective Cohort Study and Case Reports.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Article
- Previous history of solid tumor in patients presenting tuberculosis: a multicenter retrospective study in a low-tuberculosis-incidence area.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2025Observational
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific T cells restrain anti-cancer drug-induced neutrophilic lung inflammation in tuberculosis.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Population-Based Analysis of the Risk of Mycobacterial Infections Associated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Article
- Cancer immunotherapy clinical trials to support urgently needed access in low- and middle-income countries: a report from the SITC global access and impact committee.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Review
- Where lung cancer and tuberculosis intersect: recent advances.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Simultaneous Anti-Tuberculosis and Anti-Tumor Treatment with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Co-Existent Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Advanced Lung Cancer.Infection and drug resistance · 2025Article
- Article
- Safety of nivolumab monotherapy in five cancer types: pooled analysis of post-marketing surveillance in Japan.International journal of clinical oncology · 2024Article
- Comparative risk of serious infections and tuberculosis in Korean patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with non-anti-TNF biologics or anti-TNF-α agents: a nationwide population-based cohort study.Therapeutic advances in gastroenterology · 2024Article
- Article
- Opportunistic Infections and Immune-Related Adverse Events Associated with Administering Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Narrative Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Article
- The relationship between previous pulmonary tuberculosis and risk of lung cancer in the future.Infectious agents and cancer · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWhile some recent studies have reported the development of tuberculosis (TB) in patients exposed to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), there is limited evidence to date. Therefore, we evaluated the risk of TB in patients with cancer exposed to ICIs using the National Health Insurance claims data in South Korea.
methodsPatients with diagnostic codes for non-small cell lung cancer, urothelial carcinoma or melanoma between August 2017 and June 2019 were identified. The incidence rate and standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of TB were calculated for both the ICI exposure and non-exposure groups. The risk of TB according to ICI exposure was assessed using a multivariable Cox regression model.
resultsDuring the study period, 141 550 patients with cancer and 916 new TB cases were identified. Among the 5037 patients exposed to ICIs, 20 were diagnosed with TB at a median of 2.2 months after the ICI was initiated. The crude incidence rate of TB per 100,000 person-years was 675.8 (95% CI 412.8 to 1043.8) for the ICI exposure group and 599.1 (95% CI 560.5 to 639.6) for the non-exposure group. The SIR for TB was 8.1 (95% CI 8.0 to 8.2) in the ICI exposure group. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, ICI treatment was not significantly associated with an increased risk of TB (HR: 0.73; 95% CI 0.47 to 1.14).
conclusionsWhile the incidence of TB in cancer patients exposed to ICIs was eightfold higher than in the general population, the risk of patients with cancer developing TB did not significantly differ according to ICI exposure.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.