ArticleCell reports2021
CD4 T cell help prevents CD8 T cell exhaustion and promotes control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
Article in Cell reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 113 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
113 citing papers in PubMed, 175 citations in OpenAlex.
- Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis: from immunological mechanisms to translational applications.Cell insight · 2026Review
- Single-cell transcriptomics reveal PD-1-loss-driven immune dysregulation of pulmonary lymphocytes during earlyMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Virus-specific memory CD4 T cells sustain long-term numerical and functional impairment following whole-body irradiation.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- Whole-body irradiation causes long-term impairments in the maintenance and function of naïve CD4 T cells specific for self- and non-self-antigens.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- Serum IL-6, IL-8, and Th/Ts ratio for severity assessment and short-term clinical outcome risk stratification in pediatric Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia: insights into inflammation-immune imbalance.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- The study of immunological markers in tuberculosis across animal models and its translation to human research.Lab animal · 2026Review
- NRF2-mediated inhibition of alveolar macrophage MHC II expression during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Machine learning versus clinical scoring systems for predicting poor wound healing after posterior surgery for thoracolumbar tuberculosis.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2026Article
- Lipid accumulation in tuberculosis granulomas inhibits macrophage-CD4Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- Tuberculosis incidence trends and risk factors among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Sichuan, China: a retrospective cohort study (2010-2024).BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- HowVaccines · 2026Review
- A CD40-OX40 co-stimulatory circuit orchestrates protective CD4Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2026Article
- Expression of CD103 facilitates localization and activation of CD4Mucosal immunology · 2026Article
- Computed tomography characteristics of hepatic involvement secondary to tuberculous peritonitis: a case series.Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery · 2026Article
- CD8+ lymphocytes in immunity against tuberculosis.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Review
- Reversing T cell dysfunction in a novelFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- T cell-macrophage interactions in tuberculosis: What we've got here is failure to communicate.Journal of internal medicine · 2026Review
- Immunotherapy for tuberculosis: emerging modalities, cross-disciplinary innovations, and roadmaps for drug-resistant disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Gut microbiota and tuberculosis infection: interaction and therapeutic potential.Gut microbes · 2025Review
53 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
CD4 T cells are essential for immunity to tuberculosis because they produce cytokines, including interferon-γ. Whether CD4 T cells act as "helper" cells to promote optimal CD8 T cell responses during Mycobacterium tuberculosis is unknown. Using two independent models, we show that CD4 T cell help enhances CD8 effector functions and prevents CD8 T cell exhaustion. We demonstrate synergy between CD4 and CD8 T cells in promoting the survival of infected mice. Purified helped, but not helpless, CD8 T cells efficiently restrict intracellular bacterial growth in vitro. Thus, CD4 T cell help plays an essential role in generating protective CD8 T cell responses against M. tuberculosis infection in vitro and in vivo. We infer vaccines that elicit both CD4 and CD8 T cells are more likely to be successful than vaccines that elicit only CD4 or CD8 T cells.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.