Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34547017›Full record

SynthesisPLoS medicine2021

Biomarkers of dairy fat intake, incident cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality: A cohort study, systematic review, and meta-analysis.

Kathy Trieu, Saiuj Bhat, Zhaoli Dai, Karin Leander, Bruna Gigante, Frank Qian, Andres V Ardisson Korat, Qi Sun, Xiong-Fei Pan, Federica Laguzzi and 6 more

Open access · goldAbstract readMeta-AnalysisSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in PLoS medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
50citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
12.8field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

50 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 88 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. The doseFrontiers in nutrition · 2026
    Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. Pooled it
  5. Pooled it
  6. Trial
  7. Trial
  8. Trial
  9. Review
  10. Review
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Review
  16. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of pentadecanoic acid.World journal of biological chemistry · 2025
    Review
  17. Review
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors at 7 institutions in 4 countries.

Kathy TrieuThe George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.ORCID 0000-0003-1848-2741
Saiuj BhatSchool of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-8746-4259
Zhaoli DaiCentre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
Karin LeanderUnit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID 0000-0002-1404-9222
Bruna GiganteCardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Frank QianDepartment of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
Andres V Ardisson KoratChanning Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.ORCID 0000-0003-4599-2245
Qi SunDepartment of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.ORCID 0000-0002-8480-1563
Xiong-Fei PanThe George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-9350-9230
Federica LaguzziUnit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID 0000-0003-3551-1348
Tommy CederholmDepartment of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Ulf de FaireUnit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Mai-Lis HelléniusUnit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Jason H Y WuThe George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.ORCID 0000-0003-2073-3562
Ulf RisérusDepartment of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.ORCID 0000-0002-8620-4586
Matti MarklundThe George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Karolinska Institutet · SEUNSW Sydney · AUUppsala University · SEBrigham and Women's Hospital · USBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center · USThe University of Sydney · AUThe University of Western Australia · AU

Funding

Training Program in Cancer EpidemiologyT32CA009001 · NCI · HARVARD UNIVERSITY (SCH OF PUBLIC HLTH) · PI A. Heather Eliassen, Meir Stampfer · 1985 to 2026
$17.3M
NCI NIH HHS T32 CA009001
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundWe aimed to investigate the association of serum pentadecanoic acid (15:0), a biomarker of dairy fat intake, with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality in a Swedish cohort study. We also systematically reviewed studies of the association of dairy fat biomarkers (circulating or adipose tissue levels of 15:0, heptadecanoic acid [17:0], and trans-palmitoleic acid [t16:1n-7]) with CVD outcomes or all-cause mortality. METHODS AND

findingsWe measured 15:0 in serum cholesterol esters at baseline in 4,150 Swedish adults (51% female, median age 60.5 years). During a median follow-up of 16.6 years, 578 incident CVD events and 676 deaths were identified using Swedish registers. In multivariable-adjusted models, higher 15:0 was associated with lower incident CVD risk in a linear dose-response manner (hazard ratio 0.75 per interquintile range; 95% confidence interval 0.61, 0.93, P = 0.009) and nonlinearly with all-cause mortality (P for nonlinearity = 0.03), with a nadir of mortality risk around median 15:0. In meta-analyses including our Swedish cohort and 17 cohort, case-cohort, or nested case-control studies, higher 15:0 and 17:0 but not t16:1n-7 were inversely associated with total CVD, with the relative risk of highest versus lowest tertile being 0.88 (0.78, 0.99), 0.86 (0.79, 0.93), and 1.01 (0.91, 1.12), respectively. Dairy fat biomarkers were not associated with all-cause mortality in meta-analyses, although there were ≤3 studies for each biomarker. Study limitations include the inability of the biomarkers to distinguish different types of dairy foods and that most studies in the meta-analyses (including our novel cohort study) only assessed biomarkers at baseline, which may increase the risk of misclassification of exposure levels.

conclusionsIn a meta-analysis of 18 observational studies including our new cohort study, higher levels of 15:0 and 17:0 were associated with lower CVD risk. Our findings support the need for clinical and experimental studies to elucidate the causality of these relationships and relevant biological mechanisms.

Indexed as

Dairy ProductsBiomarkersCardiovascular DiseasesCause of DeathDietary FatsFatty AcidsFemaleHumansIncidenceMaleMiddle AgedObservational Studies as TopicPrevalenceProtective FactorsRisk AssessmentRisk Factors14-pentadecenoic acidBiomarkersDietary FatsFatty Acidsmargaric acid

Identifiers

PMID34547017
PMCPMC8454979
OpenAlexW3199246387

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.