ReviewFrontiers in cardiovascular medicine2021
Sex Differences, Estrogen Metabolism and Signaling in the Development of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.
Review in Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Factors Associated with Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension Among Hospitalized Females: An Artificial Neural Network Analysis of a National US Cohort.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Article
- Blood Pressure Changes During Aging and Menopause Among Forager-Horticulturalists in the Bolivian Amazon.American journal of biological anthropology · 2026Article
- BMI-Dependent Correlations of Sex Hormone Genes with Simple Endometrial Hyperplasia.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Sex-specific insights in atherosclerosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension: an overlooked comorbidity.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- Global pulmonary arterial hypertension trends and projections to 2046: a multi-method analysis of epidemiologic and demographic drivers using GBD 2021.Journal of thoracic disease · 2025Article
- Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell pyroptosis promotes the proliferation of PASMCs by paracrine IL‑1β and IL‑18 in monocrotaline‑induced pulmonary arterial hypertensive rats.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2024Article
- Hormonal influence: unraveling the impact of sex hormones on vascular smooth muscle cells.Biological research · 2024Review
- Pulmonary Hypertension in Women.Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal · 2024Review
- The Role of G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor (GPER) in Vascular Pathology and Physiology.Biomolecules · 2023Review
- SOX17 Deficiency Mediates Pulmonary Hypertension: At the Crossroads of Sex, Metabolism, and Genetics.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2023Article
- Impact of Sex and Gender on Autoimmune Lung Disease: Opportunities for Future Research: NHLBI Working Group Report.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2022Article
- Molecular basis of the association between transcription regulators nuclear respiratory factor 1 and inhibitor of DNA binding protein 3 and the development of microvascular lesions.Microvascular research · 2022Review
- Mechanisms of pulmonary vascular dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension and implications for novel therapies.American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology · 2022Review
- The Role of Thyroid Disorders, Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus and Estrogen Exposure as Potential Modifiers for Pulmonary Hypertension.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- Mice with humanized immune system as novel models to study HIV-associated pulmonary hypertension.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a complex and devastating disease with a poor long-term prognosis. While women are at increased risk for developing PAH, they exhibit superior right heart function and higher survival rates than men. Susceptibility to disease risk in PAH has been attributed, in part, to estrogen signaling. In contrast to potential pathological influences of estrogen in patients, studies of animal models reveal estrogen demonstrates protective effects in PAH. Consistent with this latter observation, an ovariectomy in female rats appears to aggravate the condition. This discrepancy between observations from patients and animal models is often called the "estrogen paradox." Further, the tissue-specific interactions between estrogen, its metabolites and receptors in PAH and right heart function remain complex; nonetheless, these relationships are essential to characterize to better understand PAH pathophysiology and to potentially develop novel therapeutic and curative targets. In this review, we explore estrogen-mediated mechanisms that may further explain this paradox by summarizing published literature related to: (1) the synthesis and catabolism of estrogen; (2) activity and functions of the various estrogen receptors; (3) the multiple modalities of estrogen signaling in cells; and (4) the role of estrogen and its diverse metabolites on the susceptibility to, and progression of, PAH as well as their impact on right heart function.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.