ArticleBiomedicines2021
The Effects of Simulated Microgravity on Macrophage Phenotype.
Article in Biomedicines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mechano-immune interactions in musculoskeletal aging: Mechanisms and translational perspectives.Theranostics · 2026Review
- Immune System-Tumor Crosstalk Under Microgravity: Mechanistic Insights, Challenges, and Translational Perspectives.Cancers · 2025Review
- Aging and Altered Gravity: A Cellular Perspective.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2025Review
- Manipulating immune activity of macrophages: a materials and mechanics perspective.Trends in biotechnology · 2025Review
- Fiery Connections: Macrophage-Mediated Inflammation, the Journey from Obesity to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Kidney Disease.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Influence of the spaceflight environment on macrophage lineages.NPJ microgravity · 2024Review
- Cellular and Molecular Effects of Microgravity on the Immune System: A Focus on Bioactive Lipids.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- Spaceflight effects on human vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype and function.NPJ microgravity · 2024Article
- The Effects of Simulated and Real Microgravity on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells.Gravitational and space research : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research · 2024Article
- The Impact of Microgravity on Immunological States.ImmunoHorizons · 2023Review
- Next generation of astronauts or ESA astronaut 2.0 concept and spotlight on immunity.NPJ microgravity · 2023Review
- Review
- Translation from Microgravity Research to Earth Application.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- In Vitro Models of Bone Marrow Remodelling and Immune Dysfunction in Space: Present State and Future Directions.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Exploration of the Immune-Related Long Noncoding RNA Prognostic Signature and Inflammatory Microenvironment for Cervical Cancer.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
- MRTF may be the missing link in a multiscale mechanobiology approach toward macrophage dysfunction in space.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The effects of spaceflight, including prolonged exposure to microgravity, can have significant effects on the immune system and human health. Altered immune cell function can lead to adverse health events, though precisely how and to what extent a microgravity environment impacts these cells remains uncertain. Macrophages, a key immune cell, effect the inflammatory response as well as tissue remodeling and repair. Specifically, macrophage function can be dictated by phenotype that can exist between spectrums of M0 macrophage: the classically activated, pro-inflammatory M1, and the alternatively activated, pro-healing M2 phenotypes. This work assesses the effects of simulated microgravity via clinorotation on M0, M1, and M2 macrophage phenotypes. We focus on phenotypic, inflammatory, and angiogenic gene and protein expression. Our results show that across all three phenotypes, microgravity results in a decrease in TNF-α expression and an increase in IL-12 and VEGF expression. IL-10 was also significantly increased in M1 and M2, but not M0 macrophages. The phenotypic cytokine expression profiles observed may be related to specific gravisensitive signal transduction pathways previously implicated in microgravity regulation of macrophage gene and protein expression. Our results highlight the far-reaching effects that simulated microgravity has on macrophage function and provides insight into macrophage phenotypic function in microgravity.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.