ReviewThe Lancet. Oncology2021
Leveraging external data in the design and analysis of clinical trials in neuro-oncology.
Review in The Lancet. Oncology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 80 citations in OpenAlex.
- Methodological challenges using routine clinical care data for real-world evidence: a rapid review utilizing a systematic literature search and focus group discussion.BMC medical research methodology · 2025Pooled it
- Treatment Effect Reanalysis of the Randomized Individual Screening Trial of Innovative Glioblastoma Therapy in Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma With External Control Data.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2026Trial
- Microbubble-enhanced transcranial focused ultrasound with temozolomide for patients with high-grade glioma (BT008NA): a multicentre, open-label, phase 1/2 trial.The Lancet. Oncology · 2025Trial
- Augmenting randomized clinical trial data with historical control data: Precision medicine applications.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2023Trial
- Interleukin-1α (IL-1α) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: implications for immunotherapy and molecular biomarkers.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Review
- Accelerating discovery: Transformative clinical trial models in neuro-oncology.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2026Review
- Exploring the landscape of targetable alterations in patients with glioblastoma.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2026Review
- Combining external placebo-arm data in a prevention trial: effects of cocoa extract supplementation on cardiovascular disease.European journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Salvage therapies for recurrent grade 4 IDH-wildtype glioma: a BRAIN Registry analysis of real-world treatment patterns.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2026Article
- Focused ultrasound for brain metastases.Neuro-oncology advances · 2026Review
- Recent Advances in Targeted Therapies for Adult Gliomas.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2026Review
- From Polyphenols to Prodrugs: Bridging the Blood-Brain Barrier with Nanomedicine and Neurotherapeutics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Ethical considerations in randomization for neurosurgical oncology trials: A scoping review.Neuro-oncology practice · 2026Review
- Leveraging External Data for Testing Experimental Therapies with Biomarker Interactions in Randomized Clinical Trials.Biometrika · 2026Article
- Clinical trial design for primary brain tumors: a problem-based framework for neuro-oncology practice.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- The evolving landscape of leptomeningeal metastases from NSCLC: an international, contemporary, multicenter cohort study.Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology · 2026Article
- Point/counterpoint: Upfront BRAF inhibition for adult BRAF-mutant high-grade gliomas.Neuro-oncology · 2025Article
- Assessing time-trend bias in glioblastoma prognosis over 2 decades of clinical trials.Neuro-oncology · 2025Article
- Glioblastoma in adults: A Society for Neuro-Oncology (SNO) and European Society of Neuro-Oncology (EANO) consensus review on current management and future directions.Neuro-oncology · 2025Review
- Identifying appropriate external control datasets in support of future glioblastoma clinical trials leveraging external data.Neuro-oncology · 2025Article
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
19 authors at 12 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Integration of external control data, with patient-level information, in clinical trials has the potential to accelerate the development of new treatments in neuro-oncology by contextualising single-arm studies and improving decision making (eg, early stopping decisions). Based on a series of presentations at the 2020 Clinical Trials Think Tank hosted by the Society of Neuro-Oncology, we provide an overview on the use of external control data representative of the standard of care in the design and analysis of clinical trials. High-quality patient-level records, rigorous methods, and validation analyses are necessary to effectively leverage external data. We review study designs, statistical methods, risks, and potential distortions in using external data from completed trials and real-world data, as well as data sources, data sharing models, ongoing work, and applications in glioblastoma.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.