Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34603749›Full record

ReviewNature reviews. Materials2022

Designing spatial and temporal control of vaccine responses.

Gillie A Roth, Vittoria C T M Picece, Ben S Ou, Wei Luo, Bali Pulendran, Eric A Appel

Open access · bronzeAbstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Nature reviews. Materials, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 156 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
156citing papers in PubMed
17.1field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

156 citing papers in PubMed, 290 citations in OpenAlex.

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  12. Integrating Spatial Proteogenomics in Cancer Research.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
    Review
  13. Review
  14. Oocyte-inspired universal whole-cell vaccines against tumor heterogeneity.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
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  20. The Squalene Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsion Vaccine Carrier AddaVax Potentiates TLR-Induced B-Cell Responses.Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology · 2026
    Article

96 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.

Gillie A RothDepartment of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA.
Vittoria C T M PiceceDepartment of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA.
Ben S OuDepartment of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0539-5166
Wei LuoInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation & Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA.
Bali PulendranInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation & Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA.
Eric A AppelDepartment of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2301-7126
Cardiovascular Institute of the South · USStanford University · USETH Zurich · CHInstitute of Infection and Immunity · CA

Funding

Systems biological assessment of T cell responses to vaccinationU19AI167903 · NIAID · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI BALI PULENDRAN · 2022 to 2026
$13.2M
NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI167903
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Vaccines are the key technology to combat existing and emerging infectious diseases. However, increasing the potency, quality and durability of the vaccine response remains a challenge. As our knowledge of the immune system deepens, it becomes clear that vaccine components must be in the right place at the right time to orchestrate a potent and durable response. Material platforms, such as nanoparticles, hydrogels and microneedles, can be engineered to spatially and temporally control the interactions of vaccine components with immune cells. Materials-based vaccination strategies can augment the immune response by improving innate immune cell activation, creating local inflammatory niches, targeting lymph node delivery and controlling the time frame of vaccine delivery, with the goal of inducing enhanced memory immunity to protect against future infections. In this Review, we highlight the biological mechanisms underlying strong humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and explore materials design strategies to manipulate and control these mechanisms.

Indexed as

Biomaterials - vaccinesBiomedical engineeringChemical engineeringVaccines

Identifiers

PMID34603749
PMCPMC8477997
OpenAlexW3203037161

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.