Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34619491›Full record

SynthesisJournal of psychiatric research2021

Onset and frequency of depression in post-COVID-19 syndrome: A systematic review.

Olivier Renaud-Charest, Leanna M W Lui, Sherry Eskander, Felicia Ceban, Roger Ho, Joshua D Di Vincenzo, Joshua D Rosenblat, Yena Lee, Mehala Subramaniapillai, Roger S McIntyre

Open access · greenAbstract readSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Journal of psychiatric research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 190 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
190citing papers in PubMed, 11 pooled it
49.1field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

190 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 381 citations in OpenAlex.

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  5. Definitions and symptoms of the post-COVID syndrome: an updated systematic umbrella review.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2025
    Pooled it
  6. Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Long COVID: A Mixed Method Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024
    Pooled it
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  14. Co-ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide/luteolin normalizes GABAClinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2023
    Trial
  15. Article
  16. COVID-19 Infection and Gut Microbial Dysbiosis Among Filipinos with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies · 2026
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130 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.

Olivier Renaud-CharestMood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Leanna M W LuiMood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Sherry EskanderMood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Faculty of Science, University of Toronto, Mississauga, ON, Canada.
Felicia CebanMood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Roger HoDepartment of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, 119228, Singapore.
Joshua D Di VincenzoMood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Joshua D RosenblatMood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Yena LeeMood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Mehala SubramaniapillaiMood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Roger S McIntyreMood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. Electronic address: roger.mcintyre@uhn.ca.
University Health Network · CANational University of Singapore · SG

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Following recovery from COVID-19, an increasing proportion of individuals have reported the persistence and/or new onset of symptoms which collectively have been identified as post-COVID-19 syndrome by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Although depressive symptoms in the acute phase of COVID-19 have been well characterized, the frequency of depression following recovery of the acute phase remains unknown. Herein, we sought to determine the frequency of depressive symptoms and clinically-significant depression more than 12 weeks following SARS-CoV-2 infection. A systematic search of PubMed, Ovid Medline and Google Scholar for studies published between January 1, 2020 and June 5, 2021 was conducted. Frequency and factors associated with depression in post-COVID-19 syndrome were recorded and qualitatively assessed through narrative synthesis. Methodological quality and risk of bias was assessed using a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for prospective cohort studies. Of 316 articles identified through our systematic search, eight studies were included. The frequency of depressive symptoms +12 weeks following SARS-CoV-2 infection ranged from 11 to 28%. The frequency of clinically-significant depression and/or severe depressive symptoms ranged from 3 to 12%. The severity of acute COVID-19 was not associated with the frequency of depressive symptoms. However, the component studies were highly heterogeneous with respect to mode of ascertainment, time of assessment, and location and age of patients. The majority of studies did not include an unexposed control group. Future research should endeavour to produce a standardized classification of post-COVID-19 syndrome, and as well as include unexposed control groups.

Indexed as

COVID-19DepressionHumansPost-Acute COVID-19 SyndromeProspective StudiesSARS-CoV-2COVID-19DepressionPopulation healthPost-acute sequelae of COVID-19Post-COVID-19 syndromeSARS-CoV-2

Identifiers

PMID34619491
PMCPMC8482840
OpenAlexW3203624639

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.