ReviewCurrent opinion in gastroenterology2021
Breastfeeding and the developmental origins of mucosal immunity: how human milk shapes the innate and adaptive mucosal immune systems.
Review in Current opinion in gastroenterology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Determinants of diarrhoeal diseases among under-five children in Africa (2013-2023): a comprehensive systematic review highlighting geographic variances, socioeconomic influences, and environmental factors.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Human Milk Bioactive Components and Child Growth and Body Composition in the First 2 Years: A Systematic Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Pooled it
- Breastfeeding and risk of childhood brain tumors: a report from the Childhood Cancer and Leukemia International Consortium.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2023Pooled it
- Probiotic improves respiratory and gastrointestinal health, immune homeostasis, and gut microbiota composition in infants: a randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Trial
- Microbial shifts in early life: the pediatric gut microbiome and its role in health and disease.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Elevated Levels of Environmental Enteric Dysfunction Biomarkers Among Rural Indonesian Infants: Associations with Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Linear Growth.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2026Article
- The HIV Reservoir and Immune Landscape Across the Life Course of Women: Implications for Cure Strategies.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- A Double-Edged Sword: Breast Milk-Derived Maternal Antibodies and Infant Vaccine Responses: A Narrative Review.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Breast milk cytokines and infant growth trajectories in a low-income community in Bangladesh.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Impact of Maternal COVID-19 Infection Versus Vaccination on Mucosal Immunity in Breastmilk.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Human milk and infant formula influence lactobacilli metabolism in a species-specific manner.NPJ science of food · 2026Article
- Global protein profiling of human milk using pre-enriched RNA-sequence libraries.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Coordination Between Treg Cells and Bifidobacterium in the Immune-Bacterial Network of Human Colostrum.Journal of immunology research · 2026Article
- Article
- Human milk IgA promotes normal immune development by limiting Th17-inducingProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Supporting Breastmilk Feeding for Infants in Foster Care: A Scoping Review.Maternal & child nutrition · 2025Article
- Lactoferrin and SIgA Concentrations in Human Milk of SARS-CoV-Infected Mothers-Polish Cohort Study.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Early life microbial succession in the gut follows common patterns in humans across the globe.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Protocol: the International Milk Composition (IMiC) Consortium - a harmonized secondary analysis of human milk from four studies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purpose of reviewBreastfeeding provides passive immunity while the neonatal immune system matures, and may also protect against chronic immune-mediated conditions long after weaning. This review summarizes current knowledge and new discoveries about human milk and mucosal immunity. RECENT
findingsNew data suggest that certain microbes in maternal milk may seed and shape the infant gut microbiota, which play a key role in regulating gut barrier integrity and training the developing immune system. Human milk oligosaccharides, best known for their prebiotic functions, have now been shown to directly modulate gene expression in mast and goblet cells in the gastrointestinal tract. Epidemiologic data show a reduced risk of peanut sensitization among infants breastfed by peanut-consuming mothers, suggesting a role for milk-borne food antigens in tolerance development. Cross-fostering experiments in mice suggest the soluble Toll-like receptor 2, found in human milk, may be critical in this process. Finally, interest in human milk antibodies surged during the pandemic with the identification of neutralizing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antibodies in maternal milk following both natural infection and vaccination. SUMMARY: Human milk provides critical immune protection and stimulation to breastfed infants. Understanding the underlying mechanisms could identify new therapeutic targets and strategies for disease prevention across the lifespan.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.