ArticleCancers2021
Secreted Factors by Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cells Induce Tumor-Promoting M2-like Macrophage Polarization through a TIM3-Dependent Mechanism.
Article in Cancers, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Macrophages as Drivers of Resistance to Dabrafenib Plus Trametinib Therapy in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Convergent Mechanistic Pathways Driving the Anaplastic Phenotype in Thyroid Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- CXCR6 and its correlated G protein-coupled receptors and PI3K-AKT pathways were associated with the progression of thyroid cancer.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- Induced chromosomal instability in triple negative breast cancer cells promotes M2-like polarization of macrophages.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- TIM-3 in Cardiovascular Disease.Current heart failure reports · 2026Review
- Multiomics Profiling Reveals Distinct Immunosuppression and Metabolic Dysregulation in Aggressive Subtypes of Thyroid Cancer.Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP · 2026Article
- TIM-3+ Macrophages: Insights into Their Role in Cancer and Inflammation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- New insights into the tumor immune microenvironment and immunotherapy of thyroid cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The critical role of ferroptosis in thyroid cancer development and potential therapeutic implications.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- TIM-3/Galectin-9 Immune Axis in Colorectal Cancer in Relation to KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, AKT1 Mutations, MSI Status, and the Cytokine Milieu.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Anaplastic thyroid cancer: Genetic roles, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy.Genes & diseases · 2025Review
- Review
- Unravelling the Reasons Behind Limited Response to Anti-PD Therapy in ATC: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Cells and Checkpoints.Endocrine pathology · 2024Article
- Combinatory actions of cytokines induce M2-like macrophages in anaplastic thyroid cancer.American journal of cancer research · 2024Article
- Anaplastic thyroid cancer cell-secreted TGFβ1 plays a key role in inducing macrophage polarization of human monocytes.American journal of cancer research · 2024Article
- TIM3 activates the ERK1/2 pathway to promote invasion and migration of thyroid tumors.PloS one · 2024Article
- Harnessing Immunity to Treat Advanced Thyroid Cancer.Vaccines · 2023Review
- Tumor-associated macrophages as a potential therapeutic target in thyroid cancers.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2023Review
- SPRY4 as a Potential Mediator of the Anti-Tumoral Role of Macrophages in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cells.Cancers · 2023Article
- Immunomodulation exerted by galectins: a land of opportunity in rare cancers.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a highly aggressive type of thyroid cancer (TC). Currently, no effective target treatments are available that can improve overall survival, with ATC representing a major clinical challenge because of its remarkable lethality. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most evident cells in ATCs, and their high density is correlated with a poor prognosis. However, the mechanisms of how TAMs promote ATC progression remain poorly characterized. Here, we demonstrated that the treatment of human monocytes (THP-1 cells) with ATC cell-derived conditioned media (CM) promoted macrophage polarization, showing high levels of M2 markers. Furthermore, we found that STAT3 was activated, and this was correlated with an increased expression and secretion of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6. Remarkably, the M2-like macrophages obtained revealed tumor-promoting activity. A cytokine array analysis demonstrated that M2-like macrophage-derived CM contained high levels of TIM3, which is an important immune regulatory molecule. Consistently, TIM3 expression was up-regulated in THP-1 cells cultured with ATC cell-derived CM. Moreover, TIM3 blockade significantly reversed the polarization of THP-1 cells induced by ATC cell-secreted soluble factors. We validated the clinical significance of the TIM3 in human TC by analyzing public datasets and found that the expression of TIM3 and its ligand galectin 9 was significantly higher in human TC tissue samples than in normal thyroid tissues. Taken together, our findings identified a new mechanism by which TIM3 induces tumor-promoting M2-like macrophage polarization in TC. Furthermore, TIM3 interference might be a potential tool for treatment of patients with ATC.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.