ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
Toll-Like Receptor Response to Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Potential of TLR Agonists as Immunomodulators for Treating Chronic Hepatitis B: An Overview.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) suppresses the activity of HBV EnhII/CP by downregulating FANCE expression.Virus genes · 2026Article
- Hepatocyte-Targeted Drug Delivery Strategies for Chronic Hepatitis B: Overcoming Delivery Barriers Toward Functional Cure.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Hepatic Viral Reservoirs in Concurrent HIV and HBV: From Mechanistic Insight to Integrated Cure Strategies.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Review
- HBsAg loss in HIV/HBV coinfected patients: Hepatitis B cure insights and implications.Infectious diseases & immunity · 2025Review
- Downregulation of Toll-Like Receptor Gene Expression Among Hepatitis B Virus-Positive Human Patients.Cureus · 2025Article
- [Research progress on B cells in chronic hepatitis B].Zhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology · 2025Review
- Evaluation and Characterization of Acute respiratory distress syndrome in tree shrews through TMT proteomic method.PloS one · 2025Article
- Small nucleic acid drugs-the dawn of functional cure of chronic hepatitis B.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Review
- HBeAg induces neutrophils activation impairing NK cells function in patients with chronic hepatitis B.Hepatology international · 2024Article
- Genetic variation of TLR3 gene is associated with the outcome of hepatitis b infection in mauritanian patients: case control study.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Recent Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of the Toll-like Receptor Response to Influenza Virus Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Overview of the immunological mechanisms in hepatitis B virus reactivation: Implications for disease progression and management strategies.World journal of gastroenterology · 2024Review
- mRNA Therapeutic Vaccine for Hepatitis B Demonstrates Immunogenicity and Efficacy in the AAV-HBV Mouse Model.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Recent advances in different interactions between toll-like receptors and hepatitis B infection: a review.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- The Epidemiology, Transmission, Genotypes, Replication, Serologic and Nucleic Acid Testing, Immunotolerance, and Reactivation of Hepatitis B Virus.Gastro hep advances · 2024Review
- Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B (version 2022).Journal of clinical and translational hepatology · 2023Article
- Exploring the Microbiome in Gastric Cancer: Assessing Potential Implications and Contextualizing Microorganisms beyondCancers · 2023Review
- Targeting immuno-metabolism and anti-viral immune responses in chronic hepatitis B.Hepatology international · 2023Article
- Toll-like Receptor Response to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 or Co-Infection with Hepatitis B or C Virus: An Overview.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major global health problem. The immunopathology of the disease, especially the interplay between HBV and host innate immunity, is poorly understood. Moreover, inconsistent literature on HBV and host innate immunity has led to controversies. However, recently, there has been an increase in the number of studies that have highlighted the link between innate immune responses, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and chronic HBV infection. TLRs are the key sensing molecules that detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns and regulate the induction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, thereby shaping the adaptive immunity. The suppression of TLR response has been reported in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), as well as in other models, including tree shrews, suggesting an association of TLR response in HBV chronicity. Additionally, TLR agonists have been reported to improve the host innate immune response against HBV infection, highlighting the potential of these agonists as immunomodulators for enhancing CHB treatment. In this study, we discuss the current understanding of host innate immune responses during HBV infection, particularly focusing on the TLR response and TLR agonists as immunomodulators.
Indexed as
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.