Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34650237›Full record

ArticleNature genetics2021

The dynamic, combinatorial cis-regulatory lexicon of epidermal differentiation.

Daniel S Kim, Viviana I Risca, David L Reynolds, James Chappell, Adam J Rubin, Namyoung Jung, Laura K H Donohue, Vanessa Lopez-Pajares, Arwa Kathiria, Minyi Shi and 10 more

Open access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature genetics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
58citing papers in PubMed
4.6field-weighted citation impact, top 4% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

58 citing papers in PubMed, 80 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. UnlockingNAR genomics and bioinformatics · 2026
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  9. The adhesion GPCR ADGRL2 engages Gα13 to enable epidermal differentiation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
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  15. Genome-wide rules of transcription factor cooperativity revealed throughbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025
    Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Splicing to orchestrate cell fate.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2025
    Review
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

20 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.

Daniel S KimProgram in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Viviana I RiscaLaboratory of Genome Architecture and Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
David L ReynoldsProgram in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
James ChappellDepartment of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Adam J RubinBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Namyoung JungProgram in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Laura K H DonohueProgram in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1346-2840
Vanessa Lopez-PajaresProgram in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Arwa KathiriaDepartment of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Minyi ShiDepartment of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Zhixin ZhaoDepartment of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Harsh DeepThe Harker School, San Jose, CA, USA.
Mahfuza SharminDepartment of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Deepti RaoProgram in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Shin LinDepartment of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Howard Y ChangProgram in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9459-4393
Michael P SnyderDepartment of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0784-7987
William J GreenleafDepartment of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. wjg@stanford.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1409-3095
Anshul KundajeProgram in Biomedical Informatics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. akundaje@stanford.edu.
Paul A KhavariProgram in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. khavari@stanford.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0098-4989
Stanford University · USStanford Medicine · USBroad Institute · USDynamic Systems (United States) · USRockefeller University · USUniversity of Washington · USVA Palo Alto Health Care System · US

Funding

Special EquipmentP50HG007735 · NHGRI · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI CHANG, HOWARD Y · 2014 to 2018
$15.2M
Center for Personal Dynamic RegulomesRM1HG007735 · NHGRI · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI CHANG, HOWARD Y · 2019 to 2023
$13.8M
REGULATORS OF EPIDERMAL GENE EXPRESSIONR01AR045192 · NIAMS · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI PAUL KHAVARI · 1999 to 2026
$9.9M
Genomics of Gene Regulation in Progenitor to Differentiated KeratinocytesU01HG007919 · NHGRI · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI SNYDER, MICHAEL P. · 2015 to 2017
$7.0M
High-throughput systematic characterization of regulatory element functionUM1HG009436 · NHGRI · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI BASSIK, MICHAEL C, GREENLEAF, WILLIAM JAMES · 2017 to 2021
$5.4M
Regulatory Variants in HUMAN SKIN DISEASESR01AR076965 · NIAMS · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI PAUL KHAVARI · 2020 to 2026
$3.6M
Regulators of TumorigenesisR01CA142635 · NCI · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI KHAVARI, PAUL · 2011 to 2020
$3.5M
Deep learning frameworks for regulatory genomics.DP2GM123485 · NIGMS · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI KUNDAJE, ANSHUL · 2016 to 2016
$2.4M
Transcriptional Regulatory Complexes in Epidermal DifferentiationK01AR070895 · NIAMS · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI LOPEZPAJARES, VANESSA · 2017 to 2022
$709k
Howard Hughes Medical InstituteNCI NIH HHS R01 CA142635NHGRI NIH HHS P50 HG007735NHGRI NIH HHS RM1 HG007735NHGRI NIH HHS U01 HG007919NHGRI NIH HHS UM1 HG009436NIAMS NIH HHS K01 AR070895NIAMS NIH HHS R01 AR045192NIAMS NIH HHS R01 AR076965NIGMS NIH HHS DP2 GM123485
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Transcription factors bind DNA sequence motif vocabularies in cis-regulatory elements (CREs) to modulate chromatin state and gene expression during cell state transitions. A quantitative understanding of how motif lexicons influence dynamic regulatory activity has been elusive due to the combinatorial nature of the cis-regulatory code. To address this, we undertook multiomic data profiling of chromatin and expression dynamics across epidermal differentiation to identify 40,103 dynamic CREs associated with 3,609 dynamically expressed genes, then applied an interpretable deep-learning framework to model the cis-regulatory logic of chromatin accessibility. This analysis framework identified cooperative DNA sequence rules in dynamic CREs regulating synchronous gene modules with diverse roles in skin differentiation. Massively parallel reporter assay analysis validated temporal dynamics and cooperative cis-regulatory logic. Variants linked to human polygenic skin disease were enriched in these time-dependent combinatorial motif rules. This integrative approach shows the combinatorial cis-regulatory lexicon of epidermal differentiation and represents a general framework for deciphering the organizational principles of the cis-regulatory code of dynamic gene regulation.

Indexed as

Models, GeneticRegulatory Elements, TranscriptionalCell DifferentiationChromatinEpidermisEpigenomeGene Expression RegulationGenes, ReporterGenome-Wide Association StudyHumansKeratinocytesNeural Networks, ComputerSkin DiseasesTranscription FactorsChromatinTranscription Factors

Identifiers

PMID34650237
PMCPMC8763320
OpenAlexW3205125006

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.