ReviewFrontiers in cardiovascular medicine2021
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and the Heart.
Review in Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Cardiovascular Toxicity: Mechanisms, Clinical Manifestations, and Clinical Impact.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2026Review
- Electrocardiographic changes in immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated cardiac injury: a narrative review.Cardiovascular diagnosis and therapy · 2026Review
- Immune checkpoint inhibition and heart injury: molecular mechanisms and clinical challenges.ESC heart failure · 2026Review
- Case Report: Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis, myositis, and myasthenia gravis overlap syndrome with flow cytometric phenotyping before and after treatment in a patient with urothelial carcinoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated arrhythmias: clinical challenges, artificial intelligence-enhanced monitoring, and management strategies.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- Risk factors and diagnostic biomarkers for asymptomatic immune checkpoint inhibitor-related myocarditis in patients with esophageal cancer after immunotherapy.World journal of gastroenterology · 2025Article
- From Bench to Bedside: Translational Approaches to Cardiotoxicity in Breast Cancer, Lung Cancer, and Lymphoma Therapies.Cancers · 2025Review
- Immunotherapy-mediated myocarditis and concurrent vasospastic angina in a patient with established ischaemic heart disease: a case report.European heart journal. Case reports · 2024Article
- Body mass index and type 2 diabetes mellitus as metabolic determinants of immune checkpoint inhibitors response in melanoma.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2024Article
- The Heart of the Matter: Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Immune-Related Adverse Events on the Cardiovascular System.Cancers · 2023Review
- Review
- ICIs-Related Cardiotoxicity in Different Types of Cancer.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2022Review
- Heart failure and cancer: From active exposure to passive adaption.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Review
- Cardiotoxicity induced by immune checkpoint inhibitor: The complete insight into mechanisms, monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent a break-through treatment for a large number of cancer types. This treatment is increasingly being recommended. ICIs are prescribed for primary tumours and for metastases, adjuvant/neo-adjuvant therapy. Thus, there is an increased need for expertise in the field, including the ways of response and toxicities related to them. ICIs become toxic because of the removal of self-tolerance, which in turn induces autoimmune processes that affect every organ. However, when relating to the heart, it has been noticed to be leading to acute heart failure and even death caused by various mechanisms, such as: myocarditis, pericarditis, arrhythmia, and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. This review aims to address the above issues by focusing on the latest findings on the topic, by adding some insights on the mechanism of action of ICIs with a special focus on the myocardial tissue, by providing information on clinical manifestations, diagnosis and (wherever possible) treatment of the cardiotoxic events related to this therapy. The information is expanding and in many cases, the articles we found refer mainly to case-presentations and studies conducted on small populations. However, we consider that it is worthwhile to raise awareness of this new treatment, especially since it is widely now and it provides a significant increase in the survival rate in patients who receive it.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.